tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-73827216859001879062024-02-20T01:15:13.329-08:00makalah barataanArul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-66012084295616185092012-02-27T02:31:00.000-08:002012-02-27T02:35:35.055-08:00Kegiatan Pembelajaran Menurut Teori Sibernitik<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> 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mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB I </span></b> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori belajar yang banyak diterapkan oleh para ahli pembelajaran itu meliputi teori behavioristik, teori kognitivistik, teori humanistik, dan teori belajar sibernatik. Pada makalah ini akan dikaji tentang pandangan teori sibernatik terhadap proses belajar dan aplikasinya dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Pembahasan diarahkan pada hal-hal seperti pengertian belajar menurut teori sibernatik, aplikasi teori belajar sibernetik, implementasi teori sibernitik. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menurut teori sibernitik, belajar adalah pengolahan informasi. Pengolahan informasi yaitu adanya pandangan tertentu kearah individu. Informasi inilah yang akan menentukan proses yang mana system informasi yang diproses akan dipelajari siswa. Aplikasi teori belajar sibernitik adalah teori belajar pengolahan informasi termasuk dalam lingkup teori kognitif yang mengemukakan bahwa belajar adalah proses internal yang tidak dapat diamati secara langsung dan merupakan perubahan kemampuan yang terikat pada situasi tertentu. Sedangkan implementasi teori sibernitik dalam kegiatan pembelajaran yaitu dengan adanya pendekatan-pendekatan yang berorientasi pada pemprosesan informasi . </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk lebih jelasnya lagi akan di jelaskan pada bab selanjutnya.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB II</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kegiatan Pembelajaran Menurut Teori Sibernitik</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengertian Belajar Menurut Teori Sibernitik</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori belajar sibernitik merupakan teori belajar yang paling baru. Teori ini berkembang sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi dan teknik informasi. Menurut teori sibernitik, belajar adalah pengolahan informasi. Seolah-olah teori ini mempunyai kesamaan dengan teori kognitif yaitu mementingkan proses belajar dari pada hasil belajar. Proses belajar memang penting dalam teori sibernitik, namun yang lebih penting lagi adalah system informasi yang diproses yang akan dipelajari siswa. Informasi inilah yang akan menentukan proses. Bagaimana proses akan belajar berlangsung, sangat ditentukan oleh sistem informasi yang dipelajari. </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asumsi lain dari teori sibernitik adalah bahwa tidak ada satu proses belajar pun yang ideal untuk segala situasi, dan yang cocok untuk semua siswa. Sebab cara belajar sangat di tentukan oleh sistem informasi.<a style="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ada 3 Pendapat tentang teori Sibernitik, yang dikemukakan oleh </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gagne dan Briggs, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pask dan Scott</span>, <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dan Landa yaitu:</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> sibernatik dipertegas melalui aplikasi teori pengelohan informasi dalam pembelajaran antara lain dirumuskan dalam<span style=""> </span>teori Gagne dan Briggs yang mendeskripsikan adanya kapabilitas belajar, peristiwa pembelajaran, dan pengorganisasian/urutan pembelajaran. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori sibernitik itu adalah mengenai tentang pengolahan informasi akan tetapi Landa itu membagi system pegolahan informasinya itu<span style=""> </span>melalui 2 macam proses berpikir yaitu algoritmik dan heuristic. Mislanya agar siswa mampu memahami suatu rumus matematika mungkin akan lebih efektif jika <u>presentasi informasi</u> tentang rumus disajikan secara algoritmik.Alasnnya karena suatu rumus matematika mengikuti urutan tahap demi tahap yang sudah teratur dan mengarah kesatu target tertentu. Sedangkan berpikir heuristic dengan harapan pemahaman mereka terhadap konsep itu<span style=""> </span>atau yang dipelejari itu tidak tnuggal ( tidak tetap pada satu pembelajaran akan tetapi bisa berkembang) dan langsung mengarah kebeberapa aspek sekailgus.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sedangkan menurut Pask dan Scott membagi sistem pengolahan informasi itu (teori sibernitik ) menjadi 2 yaitu cara<span style=""> </span>berpikir serialis dan whulist atau menyeluruh. Cara <span style=""> </span>berpikir serialis adalah menggunakan cara berpikir secara algoirtmik sedangkan cara berpikir whulist atau menyeluruh adalah berpikir yang cenderung melompat kedepan langsung kegambaran lengkap sebuah sistem informasi , ibarat meilhat lukisan bukan detil-detil yang diamati terlebih dahulu akan tetapi seluruh lukisan itu atau langsung<span style=""> </span>kepada lukisan itu sekaligus, baru sesudah itu kebagian-kebagian yang lebih detil.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa teori sibernitik ini menekankan kepada sistem informasi yang akan dipelajari , sementara itu bagaimana proses belajar berlangsung dalam diri individu sangat ditentukan oleh sistem informasi yang dipelajari. Teori ini memandang manusia sebagai mengolah informasi, pemikir, dan pencipta berdasarkan pandangan tersebut maka diasumsikan bahwa manusia merupakan makhluk yang mampu mengolah, menyimpan, dan mengorganisasikan informasi.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengolahan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> informasi mengandung pengetian adanya pandangan tertentu ke arah studi individu. Pusat perhatian pokok studi adalah cara bagaimana orang mempersepsi, mengorganisasi, dan mengingat sejumlah besar informasi yang diterima setiap hari dari lingkungan sekeliling<a style="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Arus informasi itu diantaranya adalah rangsangan dari lingkungan si pelajar mempengaruhi reseptornya dan memasuki system saraf melalui suatu sensory register. Struktur inilah yang bertanggung jawab atas persepsi awal terhadap objek-objek dan peristiwa-peristiwa sehingga si pelajar melihat, mendengar atau mengindera. Informasi itu di “kodekan”(di jadikan kode) dalam sensory register, yakni informasi itu di rubah bentuknya menjadi bentuk terpola yang merupakan wakil rangasangan aslinya. </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memasuki memori jangka pendek, sekali lagi informasi itu di kodekan. Kali ini kedalam suatu bentuk konseptual. Misalnya gambar mirip X menjadi suatu refresentasi semacam “X”; gambar menjadi konsep “dua” (bukan kata dua). Menetapnya informasi dalam memori jangka pendek bisa relative lama, bisa pula hanya beberapa detik. Pengulangan (rehearsal) mungkin juga terjadi pada bagian lain”jika infornmasi itui perlu di ingat-ingat, sekali lagi ia di transformasikan dan memasuki ingatan jangka panjang” di mana ia di simpan untuk di munculkan kemabali nanti pada saat yang diperlukan. Kebanyakan teori menduga bahwa penyimpanan pada memori jangka panjang itu permanen dan bahwa kegagalan memunculkan kembali di kemudian hari adalah karena kesulitan dalam menemukan informasi itu. </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bila seorang pelajar harus mengingat sesuatu yang telah di pelajari sebelumnya, sesuatau itu harus diangkat kembali dari ingatan jangka panjang dan di bawa keingatan jangka pendek, baru di munculkan kembali. Permunculan kembaili informasi, baik dari ingatan jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang, berjalan memlalui sesuatu pembangkit respon(respon generator) yang berfungsi mengalihkan informasi menjadi tindakan. “pesan” neural dari struktur ini menggerakkan evector (urat-urat) dan menghasilkan suatu ferformansi yang mempengaruhi lingkungan si pelajar. Tindakan inilah yang memungkinkan pengamatan dari luar mengatakan bahwa rangsangan yang diberikan telah memperoleh efek yang diharapkan bahwa informasi telah di proses dan si pelajar telah betul-betul belajar.<a style="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pengolahan informasi supaya informasi (pesan) tersebut dapat diterima oleh si penerima informasi, diantaranya: </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pesan, merupakan informasi yang disampaikan berupa isi, makna, pengertian dari materi pengajaran atau bahan pelajaran.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Media yang terdiri dari perangkat lunak dan perangkat keras di siapkan untuk menyajikan pesan terpilih, misalnya modul dan slide suara</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Intruktor, adalah orang yang mengendalikan, menyajikan atau mentransmisikan informasi, pesan, isi, makna, pengertian dari materi instruksional. </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Metode, adalah teknik-teknik tertentu yang di pergunakan agar penyajian informasi omenjadi efektif.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lingkungan berupa kindisi-kondisi tertentu yang dikendalikan, diatur atau di manipulasi guna menciptakan pengajaran yang kondosif.<a style="" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Faktor penyebab informasi itu sulit di terima di antarnya adalah karena informasi makin lama makin menjadi kompleks (rumit/susah di pahami),pemahaman menjadi makin sulit, lalu bahasa yakni alat utama bagi komonikasi menjadi penghalang, maksudnya bahasa ini bisa menggunakan berbagai macam bahasa yang membuat seseorang kurang mengerti akan informasi yang disampaikan.<a style="" href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam rancangan pengolah informasi ada dua<span style=""> </span>bidang yang penting secara khusus bagi belajar. Diantaranya ialah penyelidikan mengenai proses orang yang memperoleh dan mengingat informasi, dan penelitian mengenai siasat yang di pakai orang dalam memecahkan masalah.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asumsi pokok yang mendasari teori –teori pengolah informasi ialah bahwa memori manusia itu terorganiser dan prosesor informasi yang aktif. Dalam kerangka teori, ada dua pandangan pokok tentang representasi pengetahuan dalam memori. Pandangan itu adalah representasi dual-kode yang mencakup citra verbal dan visual.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penelitian mengenai pengolah informasi meliputi pokok luas tentang tugas dan berbagai peran tentang subjek ketika memperoleh informasi.Untuk maksud menghasilkan penerapan pada belajar dan penyederhanaan pemahaman atas temuan-temuannya. Proses belajar dijelaskan dalam tiga tahap, diantaranya :</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perhatian ke stimulus</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengolahan informasi oleh system memori manusia bermula ketika isyarat fisik ( visual, akustik<span style=""> </span>atau taktil ) diterima pencatat sensori di<span style=""> </span>mata, telinga dan kulit.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengkodean stimulus</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ada dua cara utama mengkodekan yaitu gladi pelihara atau primer dan gladi elaboratif. Menghafal dengan mengucapkan nomor telefon berulang-ulang merupakan contohgladi pelihara. Dengan kata lain, cara ini ialah pengulangan-pengulangan informasi yamg ingin di ingat-ingat.Sedangkan gladi elaborative ialah mengubah informasi dengan berbagai cara. Gladi pelihara dan gladi elaboratif<span style=""> </span>dapat membantu orang dalam mengingat kembali informasi di waktu kemudian. Gladi elaboratif lebih efektif untuk keperluan mengingat kembali.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penyimpanan dan Retrival Informasi.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses pengkodean adalah untuk menyiapkan informasi guna disimpan di dalam memori jangkan panjang untuk mendapatkannya dan mengingatnya kembali, hal tersebut banyak bergantung pada bentuk bagaimana informasi disimpan.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> menurunkan asas pembelajaran dari penelitian pengolahan informasi paling sedikit<span style=""> </span>ada dua kesulitan yang besar. Pertama , belajar itu saja dari banyak proses belajar yang diselidiki. Kedua, mengikuti dominannya psikologi kognitif pada waktu ini. Banyaknya penelitian yang dijalankan pada kegiatan kognitif pelajar mencakup berbagai kegiatan pelajar, bidang kurikulum, model organisasi, dan lain sebagainya.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ada </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tiga</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> perkembangan penting bagi pendidikan telah munculnya dari penekanan pada soal pengolahan informasi. Pertama, titik berat yang semakin besar ada siasat pengolahan yang digunakan para siswa pada waktu belajar. Kedua, adanya kesadaran akan perlunya mengajar keterampilan proses kognitif seccara langsung, seperti cara-cara mengorganisasikan pengetahuan dan metode orang sendiri untuk mengoreksi kesalahan-kesalahan dalam usaha memperoleh pengertian. Ketiga, perkembangan kurikulum, Posner (1978) menjelaskan pengembangan semantic untuk keperluan pengorganisasian kurikulum dan analisa isi. Misalnya, jaringan semantic untuk dua buah topic dibandingkan untuk dilihat konsep-konsepnya yang sama dan cara-cara untuk memadukan keduanya di dalam kurikulum.<a style="" href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tujuan Belajar Menurut Teori Sibernitik</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Setelah</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mempelajari teori belajar menurut tori Sibernitik diharapkan memiliki kemampuan untuk mengkaji hakikat belajar menurut teori sibernitik dan penerapannya dalam kegiatan pembelajaran.<a style="" href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksud dari tujuan tersebut yaitu agar siswa itu mampu mengkaji pembelajaran yang telah dipelajari dan yang telah di dapat dari gurunya. Selain itu juga ia bisa menerapkan ilmu yang telah didapatnya dalam kegiatan pembelajarannya dan dalam kehidupannya. Contohnya : Siswa itu mempelajari metematika tentang perkalian , disaat ada PR tentang perkalian dia diharapakan sudah mampu menjawab soal-soal tersebut dengan baik dan benar.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keunggulan dan Kelemahan Teori Sibernitik dalam Kegiatan Pembelajaran</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keunggulan</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Ke semua teori belajar dalam aliran-aliran yang menekankan aspek yang berbeda-beda ini sebetulnya memiliki kesamaan karena melihat bahwa belajar adalah suatu proses yang berlangsung pada diri seseorang yang melalui tahapan-tahapan tertentu. Isi dari proses belajar adalah sistem informasi yang diperoleh melalui pengalaman akan suatu kejadian tertentu yang disusun sebagai suatu konsep, teori, atau informasi umum. Hasil dari proses teori belajar ini adalah adanya perubahan, baik yang dilihat sebagai perubahan tingkah laku maupun secara kemampuan pada tanah kognitif, afektif dan psikomotorik.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelemahan </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori aliran ini dikritik karena tidak secara langsung membahas tentang proses belajar sehingga menyulitkan dalam penerapan. Ulasan teori ini cenderung ke dunia psikologi dan informasi dengan mencoba melihat mekanisme kerja otak. Karena pengetahuan dan pemahaman akan mekanisme ini sangat terbatas maka terbatas pula kemampuan untuk menerapkan teori ini.<a style="" href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori Belajar Menurut Sibernitik</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Implementasi teori sibernitik dalam kegiatan pembelajaran telah dikembangkan oleh beberapa tokoh, diantaranya adalah pendekatan-pendekatan yang berorientasi pada pemprosesan informasi yang dikembangkan oleh Gage dan Berliner, Biehler, Snowman, Baine, dan Tennyson. Konsepsi Landa dalam model pendekatannya yang disebut Algoritmik dan Heuristik juga termasuk teori sibernitik. Pask dan Scott yang membagi siswa menjadi tipe menyeluruh atau <i>wholist </i>, dan tipe serial atau <i>serialist </i>juga menganut teori sibernitik.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Masing- masing akan dijelaskan secara singkat sebagai berikut:</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori Pemprosesan Informasi</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam upaya menjelaskan bagaimana suatu informasi (pesan pengajaran) diterima, disandi, disimpan, dan dimunculkan kemabali dari ingatan serta dimanfaatkan jika diperlukan, telah dikembangkan sejumlah teori dan model pemprosesan informasi oleh para pakar seperti Biehler dan Snowman (1986), Baine (1989), dan Tennyson (1986). Teori-teori tersebut umumnya berpijak pada tiga asumsi yaitu:</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bahwa antara stimulus dan respon terdapat suatu seri tahapan pemprosesan informasi di mana pada amsing-masing tahapan dibutuhkan<span style=""> </span>sejumlah waktu tertentu.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Stimulus yang diproses melalui tahapan-tahapan tadi akan mengalami perubahan bentuk ataupun isinya.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Salah satu dari tahapan mempunyai kapasitas yang terbatas.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari ketiga asumsi tersebut, dikembangkan teori tentang komponen struktur dan pengatur alur pemrosesan informasi (proses kontrol). Komponen pemrosesan informasi dipilah menajdi berdasarkan perbedaan fungsi, kapasitas, bentuk informasi, serta proses terjadinya “lupa”. Ketiga komponen itu adalah sebagai berikut:</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sensory Receptor (SR)</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sensory Receptor (SR) merupakan sel tempat pertamakali informasi diterima dari luar. Di dalam SR informasi ditangkap dalam bentuk aslinya, informasi hanya dapat bertahan dalam waktu yang sangat singkat, dan informasi ntadi mudah terganggu atau berganti.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Working Memory (WM)</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Working Memory (WM) diasumsikan mampu menangkap informasi yang diberi perhatian (attention) oleh individu. Pemberian perhatian ini dipengarui oleh peran persepsi. Karakteristik WM adalah bahwa; 1) Ia memiliki kapasitas yang tebatas, lebih kurang 7 slots. Informasi di dalamnya hanya mampu bertahan kurang lebih 15 detik apabila tanpa upaya pengulangan atau <i>rehearsal</i>. 2) informasi dapat disandi dalam bentuk yang berbeda dari stimulus aslinya. Asumsi pertama berkaitandenga penataan jumlah informasi, sedangkan informasi yang kedua berkaitan dengan peran proses kontrol. Artinya, agar informasi dapat bertahan dalam WM, maka upayakan jumlah informasi tidak melebihi kapasitas WM disamping melakukan <i>rehearsal</i> (pengulangan). Sedangkan penyandian pada tahap WM, dalambentuk verbal, visual, ataupun semantic, dipengaruhi oleh peran proses control dan seseorang dapat denga sadar mengendalikannya.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Long Term Memory (LTM)</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Long Term Memory (LTM) diasumsikan: 1) berisi semua pengetahuan yang telah dimiliki oleh individu, 2) mempunyai kapasitas tidak terbatas, dan 3) bahwa sekali informasi disimpan di dalam LTM ia tidak aa=kan pernah terhapus atau hilang. Persoalan” lupa” pada tahapan ini disebabkan oleh kesulitan atau kegagalan memunculkan <span style=""> </span>kembali informasi yang diperlukan. Ini berarti , jika informasi ditata dengan baik maka akan memudahkan proses penelusuran dan pemunculan kembali informasi jika diperlukan. Tennyson (1989) mengemukakanbahwa proses penyimpanan informasi merupakan proses mengasimilasikan pengetahuan baru pada pengetahuan yang telah dimiliki, yang selanjutnya berfungsi sebagai dasar pengetahuan (knowledge base).</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reigeluth danStein (1983) mengatakan bahwa pengetahuan ditata di dalam struktur kognitif sacara hirarkhis. Ini berarti, pengetahuan yang lebih umum dan abstrak yang diperoleh lebih dulu oleh individu dapat mempermudah perolehan pengetahuan baru yang lebih terperinci. Implikasinya di dalam pembelajaran, semakin baik penataan pengetahuan sebagai dasar pengetahuan yang dating kemudian, semakin mudah pengetahuan tersebut ditelusuri dan dimunculkan kembali pada saat diperlukan.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berpijak pada kajian diatas, reigeluth, Bunderson dan Merrill (1977) mengembangkan suatu starategi penataan isi atau materi pelajaran yang berurusan dengan empat biang masalah, yaitu; pemilihan, penataan urutan, rangkuman, dan sintesis. Menurut mereka,</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jika isi mata pelajaran ditata dengan menggunakan urutan dari umum ke rinci, maka isi atau materi pelajaran pada tingkat umum akan memjadi kerangka untuk mengkaitkan isi-isi lain yang lebih rinci. Hal ini sesuia dengan struktur representasi informasi di dalam LTM, sehingga akan mempermudah proses penelusuran kembali inforan dimasi.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jika rangkuman diintegrasikan ke dalam strategi penataan isi atau materi pelajaran, maka ia akan berfungsi menunjukkan kepada siswa (si belajar) informasi mana yang perlu diberi perhatian disamping menghemat kapasitas WM.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses pengolahan informasi dalam ingatan dimulai dari proses penyandian informasi (encoding), diikuti dengan penyimpanan informasi (storage), dan diakhiri dengan mengungkapkan kembali informasi-informasi yang telah dinsimpan dalam ingatan (retrieval). Ingatan terdiri dari struktur informasi yang terorganisasi dan proses penelusuran bergerak secara hirarkhis, dari informasi yang paling umum dan inklusif ke informasi yang paling umum dan rinci, sampai informasi yang diinginkan diperoleh.<a style="" href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Skema dasar sistem Informasi bias dilihat dibawah ini:<a style="" href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keluaran (Output)</span></p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengolahan (Processing))</span></p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Masukan <span style=""> </span>(Input)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">(</p> <p class="MsoNormal">(input</p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span></span> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penyimpanan (Storing)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <br /> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori Belajar Menurut Landa</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Salah satu penganut aliran Sibernitik adalah Landa. Ia membedakan ada dua maccam proses berpikir, yaitu proses berpikir algoritmik dan proses berpikir heuristik. Proses berpikir algoritmik, yaitu proses berpikir yang sistematis, tahap demi tahap, linear, konvergen, lurus, menuju ke satu target tujua tertentu. Contoh-contoh proses algoritmik <span style=""> </span>misalnya kegiatan menelepon, menjalankan mesin mobil, dan lain-lain. Sedangkan cara berfikir heuristic, yaitu cara erpikir devergen, menuju ke beberapa target tujuan sekaligus. Memahami suatu konsep yang mengandung arti ganda dan penafsiran biasanya menuntut seorang untuk<span style=""> </span>menggunakan cara berfikir heuristik. Contoh proses berpikir heuristik misalnya operasi pemilihan atribut geometri, penemuan cara-cara pemecahan masalah, dan lain-lain.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses belajar akan berjalan dan baik jika materi pelajaran yang hendak dipelajari atau masalah yang hendak dipecahkan (dalam istilah teori sibernitik adalah system informasi yang hendak dipelajari) diketahui ciri-cirinya materi pelajaran tertentu akan lebih tepat disajikan dalam urutan yang teratur, linear, sekuensial, sedangkan materi pelajaran lainnya akan lebih tepat bila disajikan dalam bentuk terbuka dan memberi kebebasan kepada siswa untuk berimajinasi dan berpikir. Misalnya, agar siswa mampu memahami suatu rumus matematika mungkin akan lebih efektif jika presentasi informasi tentang rumus tersebut disajikan secara algoritmik. Alasannya, karena suatu rumus matematika biasanya mengikuti urutan tahap demi tahap yang sudah teratur dan mkengarah ke satu target tertentu. Namun untuk memahami makna suatu konsep yang lebih luas dan banyak megandung interpretasi, misalnya konsep keadilan atau demokrasi, akan lebih baik jika proses berpikir siswa dibimbing kearah yang “menyebar” atau berpikir heuristik dengan harapan pemahaman mereka terhadap konsep itu tidak tunggal, menonton, dogmatic atau linear. </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori Belajar Menurut Pask dan Scott</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pask dan Scott juga termasuk penganut teori sibernitik. Menurut mereka ada dua macam cara berpikir, yaitu cara berpikir serealis dan cara berpikir <i>wholist</i> atau menyeluruh. Pendekatan serialis yang dikemukakannya memiliki kesamaan dengan pendekatan algoritmik. Namun apa yang dikatakan sebagai cara berpikir menyeluruh(wholist) tidak sama dengan cara<span style=""> </span>berpikir heuristik. Bedanya, cara erpikir menyeluruh adalah berpikir yang cenderung melompat kedepan, langsung ke gambaran lengkap sebuah system informasi ibarat melihat lukisan, bukan detail-detail yang diamati lebih dahulu, melainkan seluruh lukisan itu sekaligus baru sesudah itu kebagian-bagian yang lebih detail. Sedangkan cara berpikir Heuristik yang dikemukakan oleh Landa adalah cara berpikir devergen mengarah kebeberapa aspek sekaligus. Siswa tipe <i>wholist<span style=""> </span></i>atau menyeluruh ini biasanya dalam mempelajari sesuatu cenderung dilakukan dalam tahap yang paling umum kemudian bergerak ke yang lebih khususatau detail. Sedangkan siswa tipe <i>serialist</i> dalam mempelajari sesuatu cenderung menggunakan cara berpikur secara algoritmik.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori Sibernitik sebagai teori belajar seringkali dikritik karena lebih menekankan pada system informasi yang akan dipelajari, sementara itu bagaimana proses belajar berlangsung dalam diri individu sangat ditentikan oleh system informasi yang dipelajari. Teori ini memandang manusia sebagai mengolah informasi, pemikir, dan pencipta. Berdasarkan pandangan tersebut maka diasumsikan bahwa manusia merupakan makhluk yang mampu mengolah, menyimpan,dan mengorganisasikan informasi.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asumsi di atas<span style=""> </span>direfleksikan ke dalam suatu model belajar dan pembelajaran. Model tersebut menggambarkan proses mental dalam belajar yang secara terstruktur membentuk suatu system kegiatan mental. Dari model ini dikembangkan prinsip-prinsip belajar seperti: </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Peruses mental dakam belajar terfokus pda pengetahuan yang bermakna.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses mental tersebut mampu menyandi informasi secara bermakna.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses mental bermuara pada pengorganisasian dan pengaktualisasian informasi. </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aplikasi Teori Sibernitik dalam Kegiatan Pembelajaran</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori belajar pengolahan informasi termasuk dalam lingkup teori kognitiif yang mengemukakan bahwa beajar adalah proses internal yang tidak dapat diamati secara langsung dan merupakan perubahan kemampuan yang terikat pada situasi tertentu. Namun memori kerja manusia mempunyai kapasirtas yang terbatas. Teori Gagne dan Briggs mempreskripsikan adanya 1) kapabilitas belajar, 2) peristiwa pembelajaran, dan 3) pengorganisasian/urutan pembelajaran. Mengenai kapablitas belajar kaitannya dengan unjuk kerja dirumuskan oleh Gagne sebagai berikut:</span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="margin-left: 36pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 27.9pt; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No</span></b></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kapabilitas Belajar</span></b></p> </td> <td style="width: 207.9pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="277"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Unjuk Kerja</span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Informasi Verbal</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="277"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menyatakan Informasi</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keterampilan Intelektual</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="277"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menggunakan symbol untuk berinteraksi dengan lingkungan.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Diskriminasi</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="277"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Membedakan perangsang yang memiliki dimensi fisik yang berlainan.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Konsep konkret</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="277"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengidentifikasi contoh-contoh konkret</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Konsep abstrak</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="277"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengklasifikasikan cotoh-contoh dengan mengguankan ungkapan verbal atau definisi</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kaidah</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="277"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menunjukkan aplikasi suatu kaidah.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kaidah tingkat lebih tinggi</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="277"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengembangkan kaidah baru utuk memecahkan masalah</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Strategi Kognitif</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="277"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengembangkan cara-cara baru untuk memecahkan masalah. Menggunakan berbagai cara untuk mengontrol proses beajar dan/atau berpikir.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sikap</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="277"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memilih berprilaku dengan cara tertentu.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 27.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keterampilan Motorik</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 207.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="277"> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Melakukan gerakan tubuh yang luwes, cekatan, serta dengan urutan yang benar.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori belajar pemrosesan informasi mendeskripsikan tindakan belajar meupakan proses internal yang mencakup beberapa tahapan. <span style="">Proses internal</span> itu ialah bahwa belajar itu tidak dapat diamati secara langsung, akan tetapi terlihat pada situasi tertentu. Misalnya, anak murid belajar matematika tentang bab perkalian pada saat dia belajar pemahamannya akan perkalian tidak dapat diamati secara langsung, akan tetapi apabila nanti dia mengerjakan sendiri PR matematika tersebut maka akan dapat diketahui dia bias atau tidak mengerjakan soal-soal matematika itu.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tahapan-tahapan ini dapat di mudahkan dengan menggunakan metode pembejlajaran yang megikuti urutan tertentu sebagai peristiwa pembelajaran (the events of instruction), yang mempreskripsikan kondisi belajar internal dan eksterrnal utama untuk kapabilitas apapun. Sembilan tahapan dalam peristiwa pmbelajaran yang diasumsikan sebagai cara-cara ekaternal yang berpotensi pendukung proses-proes interna dalam kegiatan belajar adalah:</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menarik perhatian</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sebagai seorang guru untuk menarik perhatian dalam proses pembelajaran dia harus bias menggunakan metode-metode pengajaran agar siswa itu tertarik dan memahami pelajaran tersebut.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contohnya : Didalam pembelajaran itu menggunakan metode perumpamaan. Contoh dari metode perumpamaan yaitu sebuah pohon yang lengkap di umpamakan dengan sebuah lembaga pendidikan, pohonnya itu sebagai kepala sekolah, daunnya sebagai guru dan stafnya, dahannya sebagai fasilitas sekolah, buahnya sebagai siswa dan akarnya sebagai dinas pendidikan. </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memberitahukan tujuan pembelajaran kepada siswa</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seorang guru haruslah bias menjelaskan tujuan materi pembelajaran yang diajarkan kepada siswa agar siswa itu dapat mengetahui manfaat dari belajar mata pelajaran itu dan dapat mengaplikasikannya baik dalam kehidupan maupaun bidang akademik. </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Merangsang ingatan kepada prasyarat belajar</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya guru mengulang kembali pelajaran-pelajaran yang telah lalu sebelum memasuki pelajaran yang baru.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menyajikan bahan perangsang </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya guru menyajikan benda-benda / kata-kata yang berkaitan dengan pelajaran sebelumnya agar anak mudah mengingat pelajaran tersebut.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memberikan bimbingan belajar</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seorang guru harus bias memberikan bimbingan dalam belajar kepada siswa yang mengalami kesulitan dalam belajar ataupun tidak agar tercapai hasil belajar yang optimal.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mendorong unjuk kerja</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sebagai seorang guru harus bisa memberikan dorongan agar siswa itu bisa mengerjakan tugas sekolahnya/ kuliahnya dengan baik. Misalnya, membuat makalah yang memerlukan 5 referensi buku.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memberikan balikan informative</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya apabila siswa / mahasiswa bertanya tentang pembelajaran ataupun yang diluar dari pelajaran dan guru harus memberikan informasi sesuai dengan apa yang ditanyakannya.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menilai unjuk kerja</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya guru harus menilai hasil dari usahanya <span style=""> </span>dalam menyelesaikan tugas-tugasnya didalam sekolah. <span style=""> </span>Misalnya, hasil dari pembuatan makalahnya diberikan penilaian oleh guru ataupun dosen.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Meningkatkan retensi dan alih belajar</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya meningkatkan kinerja dalam proses pembelajaran agar siswa itu lebih mudah belajar secara optimal dan alih belajar itu ialah mencari solusi belajar. Misalnya : belajar bahasa arab apabila tidak paham akan artinya bisa menggunakan kamus.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam mengorganisasikan pembelajaran perlu dipertimbangkan ada tidaknya prasyarat belajar untuk suatau kapabilitas, apakah siswa telah memiliki prasyarat belajar yang diperlukan. Pengorganisasian pembelajaran untuk kapabilitas belajar tertentu di jelaskan sebagai berikut:</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengorganisasian pembelajaran ranah kerterampilan intelektual.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menurut Gagne, prasyarat belajar utama dan keterkaitan satu dengan lainnya digambarkan dalam hirarkhi belajar. Reigeluth membedakan struktur belajar sebagai keteramilan yang lebih tinggi letaknya di atas, sedangkan keterampilan tingkat yang lebih rendah ada di bawahnya.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengorganisasian pembeajaran ranah informasi verbal</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kemampuan kini menghendaki siswa untuk dapat mengintegrasikan fakta-fakta ke dalam kerangka yang bermakna baginya.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengorganisasian pembelajaran ranah strategi kognitif</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kemampuan ini banyak memerlukan prasyarat keterampilan intelektual, maka perlu memasukkan keterampilan-keterampilan intelektual dan informasi cara-cara memecahkan masalah.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengorganisasian pembelajaran ranah sikap </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kemampuan sikap memerlukan prasyarat sejumlah informasi tentang pilihan-pilihan tindakan yang tepat untuk situasi tertentu, juga strategi kognitif yang dapat membantu memecahkan konflik-konflik nilai pada tahap pilihan.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengorganisasian pembeajaran ranah keterampilan motorik</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk menguasai keterampilan motorik perlu dimulai dengan mengajarkan kaidah mengenai urutan yang harus diikuti dalam melakukan unjuk kerja keterampilan yang dipelajari. Diperlukan latihan-latihan mulai dari mengajarkan bagian-bagian keterampilan<span style=""> </span>secara terpisah-pisah kemudian melatihkannya kedalam kesatuan keterampilan.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keunggulan strategi pembelajaran yang berpijak pada teori pemrosesan informasi adalah:</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cara berpikir yang berorientasi pada proses lebih menonjol </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya cara berpikir siswa itu mempunyai dasar agar dia itu pada posisi yang menonjol artinya dia tidak asal bicara tapi mempunyai asal pemikiran yang logis.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penyajian pengetahuan memenihi aspek ekonomis</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya didalam penyajian pengetahuan / dalam pemberian pembelajaran harus mempunyai fasilitas-fasilitas yang menunjang untuk memenuhi proses pembelajaran.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kapabilitas belajar dapat disajikan lebih lengkap</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fasilitas yang diperlukan dalam proses pembelajaran harus dapat disajikan / ditampilkan secara lengkap dalam proses pembelajaran tersebut. Misalnya, belajar biologi tentang anatomi tubuh maka disiapkanlah tengkorak palsu agar siswa dapat mengetahui struktur-struktur tubuh yang dipelajari dalam pelajaran tersebut. <span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adanya keterarahan seluruh kegiatan belajar kepada tujuan yang ingin dicapai</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Didalam pembelajaran itu harus mempunyai kegiatan yang terarah agar dapat mencapai tujuan dalam pembelajaran yang dipelajari dapat tercapai. Misalnya, belajar tentang matematika tentang perkalian tujuannya agar semua dapat menguasai pembelajran perkalian tersebut.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adanya transfer belajar pada lingkungan kehidupan yang sesungguhnya</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan adanya pembelajaran yang dipelajari siswa di sekolah ia dapat mengaplikasikan pada lingkungan kehidupannya. Contohnya,siswa mempelajari aqidah akhlak tentang etika pergaulan dimasyarakat jadi dia bisa menerapakan pembelajaran tersebut dalam kehidupannya dikeluarga dan masyarakat. </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kontrol belajar (content control, pace control, display control, dan consciuous cognition control) memungkinkan belajar sesuai dengan irama masing-masing individu (prinsip perbedaan individual terlayani).</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya siswa itu bisa memanejemin waktu dalam belajar agar belajarnya itu dapat terlaksana sesuai dengan yang diharapkan.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Balikan informativ memberikan rambu-rambu yang jelas tentang tingkat unjuk kerja yang telah dicapai dibandingkan dengan unjuk kerja yang diharapkan.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seorang guru harus bisa memberikan informasi yang jelas kepada siswa dan juga bisa memberikan batasan-batasan /peringatan-peringatan/ perharian-perhatian yang jelas tantang materi yang hendak dicapai oleh siswa tersebut. Pada keunggulan ini diharapakan seorang guru bisa memahamkan pada anak tentang bproses belajarnya itu sehingga ia dapat mencapai hasil yang maksimal dari pada nilai belajar siswa itu baik tapi tidak memahami pelajaran yang diberikan tersebut.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan demikian aplikasi teori sibernitik dalam kegiatan pembelajaran yang dikemukakan oleh Suciati dan Prasetya Irawan baik diterapkan dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menentukan tujuan-tujuan pembelajaran</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya dalam belajar itu harus mempunyai tujuan-tujuan agar ilmu-ilmu yang didapatkan siswa itu bermanfaat baik dari bidang akademik maupun kehidupannya.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menentukan materi pembelajaran</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya pelajaran-pelajaran yang hendak diberikan pada siswa harus ditentukan materinya agar siswa itu mempunyai acuan dalam belajar.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengkaji system informasi yang terkandung dalam materi pelajaran</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya membahas kembali tentang pelajaran-pelajaran yang terkandung didalam materi pembelajarantersebut.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menentukan pendekatan belajar yang sesuai dengan system informasi tersebut (apakah algoritmik atau heuristik).</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya menentukan cara/ solusi belajar yang sesuai dengan materi yang disampaikan. Algoritmik adalah proses yang berpikir yang sistematis, tahap demi tahap untuk menuju target tujuan belajar tersebut. Sedangkan heuristic adalah cara berpikir langsung ketarget untuk mencapai tujuan sekaligus.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menyusun materi pelajaran dalam urutan yang sesuai dengan system informasinya.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya menyusun materi pelajaran-pelajaran yang sesuai dengan materi yang dipelajari<span style=""> </span>agar pelajaran yang di terima oleh siswa itu dapat<span style=""> </span>diterima secara berkesinambungn, sistematis dan saling berkaitan.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menyajikan materi dan membimbing siswa beajar dengan pola yang <span style=""> </span>sesuai dengan urutan materi pelajaran.<a style="" href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maksudnya memberikan materi dan membimbing siswa belajar sesuai dengan urutan materi pelajaran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB III</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PENUTUP</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori belajar sibernitik merupakan teori belajar yang paling baru. Teori ini berkembang sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi dan teknik informasi. Menurut teori sibernitik, belajar adalah pengolahan informasi.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam rancangan pengolah informasi ada dua<span style=""> </span>bidang yang penting secara khusus bagi </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">belajar</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Diantaranya ialah penyelidikan mengenai proses orang yang memperoleh dan mengingat informasi, dan penelitian mengenai siasat yang di pakai orang dalam memecahkan masalah.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asumsi</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> pokok yang mendasari teori –teori pengolah informasi ialah bahwa memori manusia itu terorganiser dan prosesor informasi yang aktif. Dalam rancangan pengolah informasi ada dua<span style=""> </span>bidang yang penting secara khusus bagi belajar. Diantaranya ialah penyelidikan mengenai proses orang yang memperoleh dan mengingat informasi, dan penelitian mengenai siasat yang di pakai orang dalam memecahkan masalah.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan demikian aplikasi teori sibernitik dalam kegiatan pembelajaran yang dikemukakan oleh Suciati dan Prasetya Irawan baik diterapkan dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menentukan tujuan-tujuan pembelajaran</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menentukan materi pembelajaran</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengkaji system informasi yang terkandung dalam materi pelajaran</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menentukan pendekatan belajar yang sesuai dengan system informasi tersebut (apakah algoritmik atau heuristik).</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menyusun materi pelajaran dalam urutan yang sesuai dengan system informasinya</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menyajikan materi dan membimbing siswa beajar dengan pola yang sesuai dengan urutan materi pelajaran.</span></p> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Davies, Ivor K. 1986. <i style="">Pengelolan Belajar</i>. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gagne, Robert M. 1974. <i style="">Prinsip-Prinsip Belajar Untuk Pengajaran</i>. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional.</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gredler, Margaret E. Bell. 1991.<i style="">BelajardanMembelajarkan</i>. Jakarta :Rajawalipers</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">IrawanSyarip,DodidanRosidin.2003.<i>SistemManajemen Data danInformasi, Pendidikan</i>.Jakarta: Daaprtemen Agama.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ningsih, Asri Budi. 2005.<i>BelajardanPembelajaran</i>. Jakarta: PT. RinekaCipta.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sudjana, Nana dan Ahmad Rivai. 1989.<i style="">Teknologi Pengajaran</i>. Bandung: Sinar Baru.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://karom-kingsoka.blogspot.com/2010/01/teori"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://karom-kingsoka.blogspot.com/2010/01/teori</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">belajar-sibernitik-dan-html</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></p> <div style=""><br /> <hr align="left" width="33%" size="1"> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Asri Budi Ningsih, <i>Belajar dan Pembelajaran</i>, ( Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 2005), h. 81.</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Margaret E. Bell Gredler. <i style="">Belajar dan Membelajarkan</i>, (Jakarta : Rajawali pers, 1991) h. 238-266</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Robert M. Gagne, <i style="">Prinsip-Prinsip Belajar Untuk Pengajaran</i>, (Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, 1974) h. 29-31.</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Nana sudjana dan ahmad Rivai,<i style="">Teknologi Pengajaran</i>, (Bandung: Sinar Baru, 1989), h. 63-64.</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ivor K. Davies, <i style="">Pengelolan Belajar</i>, (Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 1986), h. 196.</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Margaret E. Bell Gredler. <i style="">Belajar dan Membelajarkan</i>, (Jakarta : Rajawali pers, 1991) h. 238-266</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style=""><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">[7]</span></b></span></span></i></span></a><i style=""> opcit, </i>h. 80.</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> <a href="http://karom-kingsoka.blogspot.com/2010/01/teori"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">http://karom-kingsoka.blogspot.com/2010/01/teori</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> belajar-sibernitik-dan-html</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Asri Budi Ningsih, <i>Belajar dan Pembelajaran</i>, ( Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 2005), h.81-86.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Dodi Irawan Syarip dan Rosidin, <i>Sistem Manajemen Data dan Informasi, Pendidikan</i>, (Jakarta: Daaprtemen Agama, 2003), h. 7.</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Asri Budi Ningsih, <i>Belajar dan Pembelajaran</i>, ( Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 2005), h.87-93.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p> </div> </div> <br /></div>Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-78904490867679523152011-10-06T13:26:00.000-07:002011-10-06T13:31:45.923-07:00MOTIVASI KITA DALAM HIDUP<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> 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mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">MOTIVASI</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">orang yang tidak melakukan shalat, shubuh : dijauh kan muka yang bersinar, dzuhur: tidak diberikan berkah dalam rezekinya, asar: dijauhkan dari kesehatan, kekuatan, magrib: tidak diberikan santunan oleh anak yatim, isya: dijauhkan dari kedamaian dalam tidurnya</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">-kita hanya terlalu sering dipermainkan emosi, perasaan ketika menghadapi sesuatu, itu yang membuat kita kadang tidak professional bersikap dan memperlakukan sesuatu karena itulah, manajemen hati kita dengan sering menjenguknya…</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">-jika kau merasa besar, periksa hatimu mungkin ia sedang bengkak. Jika engkau merasa suci, periksa jiwamu mungkin itu putihnya nanah dari luka nurani. Jika engkau merasa tinggi, periksa batinmu mungkin ia sedang melayang kehilangan pijakan. Jika kau merasa wangi, periksa ikhlasmu mungkin itu asap dari amal sholeh yang hangus dibakar oleh riya</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">-ketika Allah mengambil apa yang dia titipkan pada kita, bukan hanya karena Allah ingin menguji kesabaran kita, tapi barang kali Allah ingin menggantikan dengan sesuatu yang lebih baik lagi. Maka selalu berfikir positiflah kepada Allah, karena apa yang Allah beri dan ambil pasti memberi hikmah </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">sahabat yang paling baik dari kebenaran adalah waktu, musuh yang paling besar adalah perasangka dan penggiringnya yang paling setia adalah kerendahan hati</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">-jadilah pribadi inspiratif yang penuh inisiatif, sebuah ide akanlahir dari pribadi yang punya keinginan kuat untuk mengubah keadaan menjadi lebih baik. Selama niat dan tekad itu kuat maka tak aka nada istilah kehabisan ide.<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">selama ada taqwa jiwa manusia menjadi hening dan dalam suasana yang hening itulah seruan akal bisa bergema dengan jelas<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">hidup ini terasa tidak adil bagi mereka yang tahu dan tidak bisa bersyukur. Hidup tidak akan berisi kenikmatan semata, tapi juga duka, kesulitan, kesedihan dan Allah lebih tau tentang ukuran-ukuran porsi kehidupan kita </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">-sebelum kita mengeluh pada sesuatu. Lihatlah dan tengoklah dalam diri kita…! Barangkali ada kesalahan tak terdeksi dari diri kita sendiri. Bisa karena ruhiyah/ibadah kita yang sedang “sakit” dan harus diperbaiki<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">-mereka yang fisiknya tak sesempurna kita ternyata lebih mampu mengenal kehidupan dari pada kita yang sempurna dan mampu melakukan segalanya, karena itulah Allah hadirkan merekadi dunia ini agar menjadi guru bagi kita, tapi sayang sebagian dari kita justru lebih suka merendahkannya mereka karena fisik mereka tak sebagus yang kita miliki </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">hidup itu sulit, hidup itu penuh ujian dan cobaan, namun itu lah tujuan sang khaliq menciptakan manusia, member cobaan dan ujian untuk menjadi yang terbaik, jadisyukilah segala cobaan dan ujian yang ada untuk menjadi yang terbaik<br /></span></p> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">-tiap orang sudah ditentukan karuniaNya masing-masing, kadang ia ada disuatu tempat yang tak pernah kita duga, maka teruslah berjalan dibumiNya dan jangan mudah menyerah untuk bisa menemukan kekuasaan dari Allah<br /></span>Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-25281915589726557552010-07-25T22:17:00.000-07:002010-07-25T22:22:57.513-07:00LAPORAN PPL I<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" 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mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l6:level3 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:-; mso-level-tab-stop:117.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:117.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l6:level4 {mso-level-tab-stop:144.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b>BAB I<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>A. Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">Praktikan pengalaman lapangan I (PPL I ) merupakan tugas wajib bagi mahasiswa Fakultas Tarbiyah IAIN Antasari Banjarmasin. Kegiatan PPL I<span style=""> </span>ini merupakan pernyataan antara teori dan praktik, dan melalui PPL I ini akan dibahas dan dinilai seberapa besar kemampuan mahasiswa dalam menerapkan pengetahuan teoritis yang dimilikinya yang berhubungan dengan proses belajar mengajar maupun pengetahuan lain yang seuai kegiatan PPL I ini.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">Dalam hal mengajar lainnya tidaklah semua calon guru mampu langsung terampil dalam melaksanakannya, oleh karena itu sangat perlu di adakan latihan-latihan atau prakti-praktik bagi seseorang sebelum menjadi guru, seperti halnya dalam PPL I ini setidaknya mahasiswa dapat belajar dan melatih diri dalam hal mengajar dan kegiatan lainnya sehingga memberi bekal bagi dirinya sebagai pengalaman berharga sebelum terjun menjadi guru yang benar-benar professional, dan diharapkan juga dapat membentuk suatu kompetensi tertentu untuk memenuhi persyaratan pembentukan profesi pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>B. Tujuan dan Manfaat PPL I<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">Praktik pengalaman lapanagan I (PPL I ) merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang di lakukan mahasiswa yang meliputi praktik mengajar di kelas dan di micro teaching. Hal ini merupakan suatu persyaratan yang harus ditempuh oleh mahasiswa fakultas tarbiyah disemua jurusan termasuk PBA untuk membentuk personalitas guru.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun tujuan yang ingin di capai dalam pelaksanaan praktik pengalaman lapangan I ini agar para praktikan terlatih dalam beberapa keterampilan keguruan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan manfaat yang ingin dicapai dari pelaksanaan praktik pengalaman<span style=""> </span>lapangan<span style=""> </span>I ini adalah mahasiswa memiliki pengetahuan, pengalaman, keterampilan, sikap dan tingkah laku yang diperlukan bagi profesinya, cakap dan mampu menyelenggarakan pendidkan dan pengajaran di sekolah terutama di kelas. <b><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>C. Rencana kegiatan PPL I<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No.</p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kegiatan</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Tanggal</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Persiapan</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">01 - 08 Februari 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Pendaptaran peserta</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">08 -12 Februari 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Pengelompokan peserta</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">15 -19 Februari 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Penetapan supervisor</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">22 - 25 Februari 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">5.</p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Menyiapkan bahan untuk supervisor dan peserta PPL I</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">01 - 05 Maret 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">6.</p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Pertemuan supervisor</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">10 Maret 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">7.</p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Pembekalan</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">11 Maret 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">8.</p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan mikro teaching</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 Maret- 30 April 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">a. kegiatan<span style=""> </span>di kelas (pembekalan) = 2 x </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>pertemuan.</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 Maret 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">b. praktik (1 & 2) di kelas = 4 x <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>pertemuan.</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 Maret dan 03 April 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">c. middle test di mikro teaching = 2 x </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>pertemuan.</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">10 April 2010 </p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">d. praktik (3 & 4) di kelas = 4 x </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>pertemuan.</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">14-17 April 2010 </p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">e. final test di micro teaching = 2 x<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>pertemuan.</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">23 April 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">9.</p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Penyusunan laporan PPL I (mahasiswa)</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3-12 Mei 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">10. </p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Penyerahan laporan PPL I<span style=""> </span>(mahasiswa) paling lambat.</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">14 Mei 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">11.</p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Penilaian laporan PPL I Mahasiwa (TIM)</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">17 – 21 Mei 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">12.</p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Pengolahan nilai akhir</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 Mei - 11 Juni 2010</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 30pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="40"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.</p> </td> <td style="width: 216pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Penyusunan laporan akhir kegiatan</p> </td> <td style="width: 150pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">14 -18 Juni 2010</p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>D. Sistematika Laporan <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk memudahkan dalam memahami laporan ini maka penulis membuat sistematika laporan sebagi berikut:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab I <span style=""> </span>Pendahuluan yang berisi latar belakang, tujuan dan manfaat PPL I,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>Rencana kegiatan PPL I dan sistematika laporan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab II<span style=""> </span>Kegiatan pembekalan yang berisi jadwal kegiatan, kehadiran praktikan dan supervisor serta materi pembekalan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab III<span style=""> </span>Kegiatan praktik mengajar yang berisipelaksanaan pelatihan mengajar dan pelaksanaan ujian mengajar.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab IV<span style=""> </span>Berisi masalah-masalah, peran supervisor dan komentar terhadap kegiatan PPL I.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab V<span style=""> </span>Penutup yang berisi kesimpulan dan saran-saran.<span style=""> </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>BAB II<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>KEGIATAN PEMBEKALAN<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>A. Jadwal Kegiatan<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum di laksanakan kegiatan Praktik Lapangan Pengalaman I (PPL I) terlebih dahulu dilaksanakan beberapa hal mengenai hal-hal yang berkaitan dengn PPL I. Kegiatan pembekalan dilaksanakan sebanyak dua kali pertemuan, yaitu:</p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">pertemuan pertama, kegiatan pembekalan PPL I<span style=""> </span>dilaksanakan pada hari Kamis, 11 Maret 2010 pada jam 08.30 - 12.15 di Auditorium IAIN Antasari Banjarmasin yang dihadiri oleh seluruh peserta praktikan Fakultas Tarbiyah pada semua jurusan, Anggota PPL I dan sebagian supervisor.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">pertemuan kedua, kegiatan pembekalan PPL I dilaksanakan pada hari kamis, 11 Maret 2010 pada jam 13.30 - 15.00 di lokal 12 PBA yang di hadiri oleh seluruh praktikan dari kelompok 22 serta di hadiri oleh supervisor yaitu bapak <span style=";font-family:";" >Drs Abu Qasim</span>, M.Ag.</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>B. Kehadiran Praktikan dan Supervisor<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengenai kehadiran praktikan saat di laksanakan pembekalan sebanyak dua kali pertemuan, praktikan hadir semua. Adapun mengenai kehadiran supervisor, beliau hadir tepat waktu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="" lang="SV">C. Materi Pembekalan <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">Mengenai materi pembekalan yang di sampaikan oleh tim dan supervisor sebanyak dua kali poertemuan meliputi:<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Tugas Pokok</li></ol> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Supervisor</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Memberikan materi-materi sebagai bekal mahasiswa dalam berpraktik meliputi tata tertib, micro teaching, keterampilan dasar mengajar, dan perencanaan pembelajaran.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Melaksanakan kegiatan latihan mengajar di kelas, middle dan final test di ruang micro teaching.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Memberikan penilaian secara langsung terhadap ketiga <span style=""> </span>kegiatan latihan tersebut (point sebelumnya).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Memberikan umpan balik atau komentar kepada mahasiswa/praktikan setiap kali latihan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Menyerahkan nilai ke TIM pengelola PPL I<span style=""> </span>paling lambat tiga hari setelah ujian praktik mengajar berlangsung.</p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan Mahasiswa (I)</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Mengikuti seluruh Kegiatan PPL I, baik kegiatan pembekalan teoritis maupun praktik mengajar.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Frekuensi latihan praktik mengajar mahasiswa sebanyak empat kali di tambah dua kali ujian praktik mengajar (terhitung 14 kali pertemuan ) dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="" lang="SV"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="" lang="SV">Setiap kali pertemuan ( tiap minggu ) terhitung satu kali pertemuan dan ada juga yang satu minggunya dua kali pertemuan..<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="" lang="SV"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="" lang="SV">Sebelum berpraktik, mahasiswa harus membuat perencanaan pembelajaran dan harus di konsultasikan serta di tanda tangani oleh supervisor.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="" lang="SV"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="" lang="SV">Mata pelajaran yang di praktikan harus sesuai dengan jurusan masing-masing, dengan<span style=""> </span>sub pokok bahasan yang berbeda-beda untuk setiap kali praktik mengajar, yang terdiri dari enam kali praktik di ambil dari mata pelajaran MTs<span style=""> </span>dan MA (termasuk ujian praktik).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Setiap mahasiswa tampil latihan mengajar selama 15 menit untuk setiap kali latihan, termasuk ujian praktik.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Praktik mengajar kesatu dan kedua dilaksanakan di kelas sesuai dengan jadwal dan lokal yang telah di tentukan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Praktik mengajar ketiga adalah <i>middle test</i> yang dilaksanakan di ruang micro teaching.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Praktik keempat dan kelima di laksanakan di kelas sesuai dengan jadwal dan lokal<span style=""> </span>yang telah ditentukan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Praktik mengajar keenam adalah <i>final test</i> yang dilaksanakan di ruang micro teaching.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Setiap mahasiswa berhak mendapat bahan pembekalan teoritis, yang telah di siapkan oleh TIM PPL I.</p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Tata Tertib Peserta PPL I</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Setiap mahasiswa harus berpenampilan yang layak sebagai seorang guru.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Mahasiswa harus berpenampilan rapi dan sopan dengan kemeja / atasan berwarna putih dan celana / bawahan panjang berwarna gelap (hitam).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Mahasiswa (i) tidak di perkenankan berkuku panjang dan khusus bagi laki-laki tidak boleh berambut panjang.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="" lang="SV"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="" lang="SV">Mahasiswa <span style=""> </span>harus memakai sepatu dan kaos kaki serta tidak di perkenankan memakai sandal atau sepatu sandal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Mahasiswa harus hadir dalam ruangan <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">lima</st1:city></st1:place> menit sebelum acara di mulai.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Mahasiswa yang meninggalkan ruangan harus seizin supervisor.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Mahasiswa tidak boleh memakai pakaian yang ketat dan transparan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -12pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Hal-hal yang belum di sebutkan dan menurut supervisor urgen maka dapat di tambahkan dalam pembekalan.</p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="4" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan Laporan</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Laporan di buat secara perorangan tapi dapat dijilid secara berkelompok sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kepantasan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Laporan sebelum di kumpul harus telah di tanda tangani oleh semua pihak yang terkait (supervisor dan TIM PPL I).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="" lang="SV"><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="" lang="SV">Pembuatan laporan harus disesuaikan dalam kelompok dan di arahkan oleh supervisor.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Laporan di gandakan sebanyak<span style=""> </span>tiga eks. Masing-masing di berikan kepada TIM PPL I, supervisor (kalau perlu), dan mahasiswa yang bersangkutan.</p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="5" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Delapan Keterampilan Mengajar</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">keterampilan bertanya</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">keterampilan memberikan penguatan</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">keterampilan mengadakan variasi</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">keterampilan mengelola kelas</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">keterampilan menjelaskan</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">keterampilan memimpin diskusi kelompok kecil</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">keterampilan mengajar kelompok kecil</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">keterampilan membuka dan menutup pelajaran</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size:14pt;">LAPORAN PPL I<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size:14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="" lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="" lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% silver;font-size:13pt;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:162.75pt;" bordertopcolor="this" borderleftcolor="this" borderbottomcolor="this" borderrightcolor="this"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\bahruul\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg" title="IAIN ANTASARI"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/bahruul/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="217" height="215" /><!--[endif]--></span><b><span style="" lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="" lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="" lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="" lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="" lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="" lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="" lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:14pt;">Oleh<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:16pt;">RITA SARI<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:16pt;">0701218119<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI ANTASARI<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>TIM PPL I - FAKULTAS<span style=""> </span>TARBIYAH<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>BANJAR MASIN<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>2010<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>BAB III<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>KEGIATAN PRAKTIK MENGAJAR<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>A.Pelaksanaan Latihan Mengajar<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuai dengan apa yang telah disampaikan oleh supervisor pada awal pertemuan, bahwa setiap peserta PPL I di haruskan melaksanakan latihan mengajar sebanyak empat kali, ditambah dengan ujian (middle dan final) menjadi enam kali, maka pada laporan ini akan kami akan kemukakan kegiatan tersebut sebagai berikut:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">Praktikan <span style=""> </span>: Rini Aspiani<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">22 Maret 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المدرسة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ( Qira’ah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VIII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الساعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>( Tarkieb) dengan struktur <span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >كم الساعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, <span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >كم ساعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, <span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >في اي ساعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">19 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">X</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >التعارف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Muhadatsah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XI</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الصحّّة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Istima’)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Khairunnisa</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 0701238187</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">22 Maret 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VIII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">19 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">X</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XI</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan <span style=""> </span>: Hj. Maysarah</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">22 Maret 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المدرسة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Mufradat)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VIII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الساعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ( Hiwar)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">19 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">X</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>مهنة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(Kitabah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XI</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>الصحّة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(Qira’ah) </p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Rusmadinah</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 0701238199</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">22 Maret 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المدرسة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Tarkib)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Huruf Jar</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VIII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الساعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Qira’ah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">19 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">X</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >حاية العائلة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(Tarkib)<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span> م</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >مبتدأ و الخبر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XI</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الوصلة العامة</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">(Muhadatsah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Ida Mahmudah</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 0701238186</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">22 Maret 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >التعارف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ( Qira’ah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VIII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الساعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Istima’)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">19 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">X</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الهواية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>( Tarkib<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span> (</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >معني حرف الجر</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XI</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الوصلة العامة </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(Qira’ah)<span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan <span style=""> </span>: Gt.M. Irhamna Husin</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">22 Maret 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >اسرتي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (istima’)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VIII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الساعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Mufradat)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">19 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">X</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >مهنة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ( Qira’ah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XI</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Moezakir Anshari</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">22 Maret 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VIII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">19 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">X</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XI</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Hendri Suriadi</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">22 Maret 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الأدوات المدرسة </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(Hiwar)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VIII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >انشطتي في المدرسة </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=""> </span>(Tarkib)<span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">19 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">X</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >حياة العائلة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Muhadatah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XI</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المراهق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Qira’ah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Bahrul Helmi</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 64.8pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 48.6pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="65"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 142.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="191"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">22 Maret 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 64.8pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 48.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="65"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VII</p> </td> <td style="width: 142.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="191"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >البيت </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=""> </span></span>(Qira’ah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 64.8pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 48.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="65"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VIII</p> </td> <td style="width: 142.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="191"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >انشطتي في المدرسة<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>( Hiwar )</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">19 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 64.8pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 48.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="65"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">X</p> </td> <td style="width: 142.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="191"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:18pt;" lang="AR-SA" >التعارف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ( Tarkib) dengan struktur <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >نكرة و معرفة<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 64.8pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 48.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="65"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XI</p> </td> <td style="width: 142.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="191"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المراهق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Tarkib) dengan struktur kalimat <span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >نعت و منعوت<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: M. Zulkifli</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">22 Maret 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VII</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >التعارف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Muhadatsah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VIII</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >انسطتى في اليت</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>(Mufradat)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">19 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">X</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >جمال المنظر الطبيعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(Tarkib)<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span> ؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XI</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">(Muhadatsah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Farid Khairani</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">22 Maret 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VII</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >التعارف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Mufradat)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">VIII</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">19 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">X</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">24 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XI</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="">B. Latihan Ujian Mengajar di Micro Teaching<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">Praktikan <span style=""> </span>: Rini Aspiani<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">IX</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >السياحة و خالق العالم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Qira’ah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 Mei 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">08.30- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XII</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >دين الإسلام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Kitabah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Khairunnisa</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 0701238187</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">IX</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 Mei 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">08.30- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XII</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >دين الإسلام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ( Istima’)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Hj. Maysarah</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 42.5pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="57"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 135.9pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="181"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 42.5pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="57"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">IX</p> </td> <td style="width: 135.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="181"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Tarkib (<span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فعل الأمر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 Mei 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">08.30- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 42.5pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="57"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XII</p> </td> <td style="width: 135.9pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="181"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >العالم و الحضارة </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(Istima’)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Rusmadinah</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 0701238199</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">IX</p> </td> <td color="-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color" style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>المناسبة الدينية </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(Qira’ah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 Mei 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">08.30- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >دين الإسلام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>(Tarkib) <span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فعل مضارع منصوب</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Ida Mahmudah</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 0701238186</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">IX</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >جمال المنظر الطبيعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Tarkib) <span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فعل المجرد و المزيد ؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 Mei 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">08.30- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >العالم و الحضارة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>(Mufradat)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan <span style=""> </span>: Gt. M. Irhamna Husin</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">IX</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span>)</span>Tarkib<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span>(</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فعل الماضي و فعل المضارع</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 Mei 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">08.30- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >العالم و الحضارة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Tarkib) <span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فعل المضارع مجزوم</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan <span style=""> </span>: Moezakir Anshari</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">IX</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 Mei 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">08.30- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >العالم و الحضارة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>(Kitabah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Hendri Suriadi</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>:070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">IX</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >عيدان</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>( Qira’ah)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 Mei 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">08.30- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >العالم الإسلامى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Tarkib)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Bahrul Helmi</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">IX</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المناسبات الدينية</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:10pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">(mufradat)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 Mei 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">08.30- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >دين الإسلام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Mufradat)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: M. Zulkifli</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">IX</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >جمال المنظر الطبيعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Mufadat)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 Mei 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">08.30- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >اعياد الإسلام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">( Mufradat)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Praktikan<span style=""> </span>: Farid Khairani</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style=""> </span>: 070123818</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 474.9pt; margin-left: -37.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="633"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">No</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Waktu</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Satuan Pendidikan</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Kelas</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Materi</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">Komentar Supervisor</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13 April 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">13.00-Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MTs</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">IX</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 35.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2.</p> </td> <td style="width: 85.1pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">03 Mei 2010 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">08.30- Selesai</p> </td> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">MA</p> </td> <td style="width: 2cm; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">XII</p> </td> <td style="width: 121.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >اعياد الإسلام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Istima’)</p> </td> <td style="width: 98pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >
<br /></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b>MASALAH DAN PERAN SUPERVISOR<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Masalah<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah-masalah yang dihadapi praktikan PPL I antara lain adalah sebagai berikut:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 50pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Tejadinya kekakuan dan kepakuman dalam menjalankan proses belajar mengajar.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 50pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Peserta didik adalah mahasiswa yang berperan sebagai siswa sehingga menyulitkan praktikan untuk mengelola kelas karena sifat para mahasiswa ketika proses pengajaran bukanlah sifat dan kebiasaan siswa sekolah pada umumnya.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 50pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Waktu yang sedikit sehingga menyulitkan untuk menuntaskan pembelajaran dan cenderung tergesa-gesa.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 50pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Waktu pelaksanaan praktikan mengajar yang dilaksanakan di ruang Micro Teaching kenapa harus bersamaan dengan waktu kuliah sehingga merugikan praktikan karena tidak mengikuti mata kuliah yang lain serta tidak adanya <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">surat</st1:city></st1:place> dispensasi dari TIM PPL I untuk tidak mengikuti mata kuliah yang waktunya bersamaan dengan pelaksanaan praktik mengajar di ruang Micro Teaching.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 50pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Adanya kebingungan dalam memilih materi yang akan diajarkan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:11pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Peran Supervisor<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;">Supervisor merupakan salah satu bagian yang mempunyai peran penting dalam mengarahkan praktikan di dalam kegiatan PPL I yang dalam hal ini adalah Bapak Drs. Abu Qasim, M. Ag sebagai supervisor kami selama praktikan melaksanakan PPL I. Selain mamantau beliau juga memberikan contoh dan pelajaran berharga bagi praktikan mengenai bagaimana keterampilan dasar dalam mengajar, cara mengelola kelas dan lain-lain. Beliau juga memberikan kritikan yang mana keriktikan tersebut menjadi pelajaran bagi kami agar lebih baik lagi. Selain itu, beliau juga memberikan masukan dan arahan sehingga pembelajaran bisa tercapai secara maksimal. Saya ucapkan terima kasih kepada Bapak Drs. Abu Qasim, M. Ag yang berperan penting sebagai perantara berjalannya proses PPL I yang efektif dan efesien.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Komentar Terhadap Tim PPL I<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepada segenap TIM PPL I, praktikan mengucapkan rasa terima kasih atas segala yang telah diberikan selama kegiatan PPL I berlangsung. 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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-unhide:no; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Silabus dan Sistem Penilaian<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Mata pelajaran</span></b><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>: Akidah Akhlak<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Kelas/semester</span></b><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>: VIII / Ganjil<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pertemuan ke</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: 1 (Satu)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Standar Kompetensi</span></b><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>: Siswa Menerapkan Akhlak Terpuji Kepada Diri <o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width: 783pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1044"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 72.2pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Dasar</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 72.2pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Materi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pokok</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 111.6pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="149"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kegiatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pembelajaran</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 127.35pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="170"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Indikator<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="3" style="width: 237.65pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="317"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 69.2pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Alokasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Waktu</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 92.8pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="124"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Sumber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Belaja</span></b><span lang="EN-GB">r</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 62.5pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="83"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Teknik</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 66.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Bentuk</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Instrumen</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 108.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="145"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Contoh Instrumen</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 157.75pt;"> <td style="width: 72.2pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Memahami dan mengamalkan tawakal dalam kehidupan sehari-hari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72.2pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pengertian Tawakal, Perintah tawakal, Bentuk dan contoh bertawakal</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 111.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="149"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8pt; text-indent: -8pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1.Guru mengkondisikan kelas<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">2. Guru menjelaskan materi dan memerintahkan siswa untuk berdiskusi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8pt; text-indent: -8pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">3. Simpulan<span style=""> </span>dan salam </span></p> </td> <td style="width: 127.35pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="170"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1. Menjelaskan Pengertian tawakal dengan benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">2. Menyebutkan Dalil al quran tentang tawakal dengan benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">3. Mengidentifikasi bentuk dan contoh perilaku tawakal</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 62.5pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="83"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Tes tulis</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 66.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="89"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Tes uraian</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 108.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="145"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1.bagaimana pendapat islamterhadap seseprang yang berusaha dengan meminta pertolongan kepada seorang dukun ?<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 69.2pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">1</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">´</span></span><span lang="EN-GB">15 Menit</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 92.8pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="124"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Membangun akidah akhlak, untuk kelas VIII Madrasah tsanawiyah KTSP Berdasarkan standar isi madrasah tsanawiyah tahun 2008</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 335.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Mengetahui,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Supervisor</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><u>Dra.Rusdiana Husaini, M.Ag<o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Nip: 1969 04 21 1994 03 2004</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 447.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="596"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Banjarmasin, 24 Maret 2010</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Mahasiswa praktikan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><u>Rita Sari<o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Nim. 0701218119<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 335.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 447.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="596"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Silabus dan Sistem Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Mata pelajaran</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: Akidah Akhlak</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kelas/semester</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: VIII/ Ganjil</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pertemuan ke</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: 2 (Dua)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Standar Kompetensi</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: Siswa Menerapkan Akhlak Terpui Kepada Diri Sendiri</span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width: 783pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1044"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 77.7pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Dasar</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 70.8pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="94"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Materi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pokok</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 112.5pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="150"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kegiatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pembelajaran</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 118.5pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Indikator<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="3" style="width: 227.45pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="303"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 68.45pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="91"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Alokasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Waktu</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 107.6pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="143"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Sumber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Belaja</span></b><span lang="EN-GB">r</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 61.4pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Teknik</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 59.5pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="79"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Bentuk</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Instrumen</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 106.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="142"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Contoh Instrumen</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 116.15pt;"> <td style="width: 77.7pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 116.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Memahami dan mengamalkan sabar dalam kehidupan sehari-hari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 70.8pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 116.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="94"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">1.pengertian sabar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">2.perintah untuk bersabar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">3.macam-macam sabar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 112.5pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 116.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="150"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1. Guru mengucapkan salam dan menyampaikan materi yang akan dipelajari<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">2.Guru menjelaskan materi. Dan menggunakan stategi “berbagi pendapat</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">3.Simpulan dan salam</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 118.5pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 116.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="158"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1.Menjelaskan pengertian sabar dengan baik dan benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">2. Menyebutkan dalil al quran tentang sabar dengan baik dan benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">3. Menjelaskan macam-macam sabar dengan rinci<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.4pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 116.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Tes tulis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 59.5pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 116.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="79"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">Tes uraian<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 106.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 116.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="142"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1.Amati peristiwa kesabaran yang ada diingkungan kalian, kemudian buatlah catatan pada lembar kerja<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 68.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 116.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="91"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">1</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">´</span></span><span lang="EN-GB">15 menit</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 107.6pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 116.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="143"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Membangun akidah akhlak, untuk kelas VIII Madrasah tsanawiyah KTSP Berdasarkan standar isi madrasah tsanawiyah tahun 2008</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width: 783pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1044"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 335.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Mengetahui,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Supervisor</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><u>Dra.Rusdiana Husaini, M.Ag<o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Nip: 1969 04 21 1994 0 2004</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 447.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="596"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Banjarmasin, 03 April 2010</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Mahasiswa praktikan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><u><span style="" lang="SV">Rita Sari<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="" lang="SV">Nim. 0701218119<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 335.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 447.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="596"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 335.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 447.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="596"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Silabus dan Sistem Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Mata pelajaran</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: Akidah Akh;ak</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kelas/semester</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: VIII / Ganjil</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pertemuan ke</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: 3 (Tiga)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Standar Kompetensi</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: Menghindari Akhlak Tercela Kepada Manusia</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1044"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 72.15pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Dasar</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 85.45pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="114"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Materi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pokok</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 98.55pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kegiatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pembelajaran</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 112.85pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="150"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Indikator<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="3" style="width: 237.25pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="316"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 68.75pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Alokasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Waktu</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 108pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Sumber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Belaja</span></b><span lang="EN-GB">r</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 57.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Teknik</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Bentuk</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Instrumen</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 108pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Contoh Instrumen</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 157.75pt;"> <td style="width: 72.15pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Menghindari perilaku gibah dan fitnah dalam kehidupan sehari-hari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 85.45pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="114"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Pengertian gibah dan fitnah, dalil al quran larangan gibah dan fitnah, serta perilaku menghindari gibah dan fitnah<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 98.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="131"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1. Guru mengucapkan salam dan menyampiakn materi yang akan dipelajari<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8pt; text-indent: -8pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">2.Menjelaskan materi. </span><span style="" lang="SV">Dan menjalankan strategi kombinasi strategi kembali ketempat semula dan strategi debat aktif<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8pt; text-indent: -8pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">3.Simpulan dan salam</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 112.85pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="150"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">1. Menjelaskan</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>pengertian gibah dan fitnah dengan benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">2. menyebutkan dalil tentang larangan gibah dan fitnah dengan benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">3. menjelaskan perilaku menghindari gibah da fitnah<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 57.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="76"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Tes tulis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">Tes uraian<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 108pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.6pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1.kemukakan bukti bahwa fitnah lebih kejam daripada pembunuhan <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 68.75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="92"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">1</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">´</span></span><span lang="EN-GB">15 menit</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 108pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Membangun akidah akhlak, untuk kelas VIII Madrasah tsanawiyah KTSP Berdasarkan standar isi madrasah tsanawiyah tahun 2008</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 335.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Mengetahui,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Supervisor</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><u>Dra.Rusdiana Husaini, M.Ag<o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Nip: 1969 04 21 1994 03 2004</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 447.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="596"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Banjarmasin, 10 April 2010</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Mahasiswa praktikan</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><u>Rita Sari</u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Nim. 0701218119</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 335.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 447.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="596"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Silabus dan Sistem Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Mata pelajaran</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: Fiqih</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kelas/semester</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: XII /Genap</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pertemuan ke</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: 4 (Empat)<span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-indent: -126pt;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span></span></b><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Standar Kompetensi</span></b><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>: memahami Hukum-Hukum Syar’i<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-indent: -126pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1044"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 81pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Dasar</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 72.2pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Materi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pokok</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 125.8pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kegiatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pembelajaran</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 108pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Indikator<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="3" style="width: 234pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="312"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 72pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Alokasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Waktu</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 90pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Sumber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Belaja</span></b><span lang="EN-GB">r</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 63pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Teknik</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 65.5pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="87"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Bentuk</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Instrumen</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 105.5pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="141"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Contoh Instrumen</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 110.9pt;"> <td style="width: 81pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 110.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Siswa Menerapkan akan hukum-hukum syar’I dalam kehidupan</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72.2pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 110.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pembagian hukun syar;i dan hukum taklifi beserta pembagiannya</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 125.8pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 110.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1. Guru mengucapkan salam dan mengkondisikan kelas<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8pt; text-indent: -8pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">2.Menjelaskan materi. Dan menjalankan strategi belajar ala permainan jigsaw<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">3.Simpulan & salam</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 108pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 110.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 10.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1.Menjelaskan pembagian hukum syar;I dengan benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 10.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">2.Menyebutkan pembagian hukum taklifi dengan baik dan benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 10.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">3.Menjelaskan akan pembagian hukum taklifi secara sistematis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 63pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 110.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Tes tulis</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Tes tulis</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 65.5pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 110.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="87"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Tes uraian</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Tes uraian</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 105.5pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 110.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="141"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1.jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan hukum taklifi?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">2.Apa yang dimaksud dengan wajib?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">3.Jelaskan dengan contoh, apa yang dimaksud dengan sunah a;in dan sunah kifayah?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 110.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">1</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">´</span></span><span lang="EN-GB">15 Menit</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 90pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 110.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Al-Hikmah, Membina Kreatifitas dan Prestasi, KTSP Fiqih Modul Pembelajaran Madrasah Aliyah untuk kelas XII/Genap</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 335.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Mengetahui,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Supervisor</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><u>Dra.Rusdiana Husaini, M.Ag<o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Nip: 1969 04 21 1994 03 2004</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 447.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="596"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Banjarmasin, 14 April 2010<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Mahasiswa praktikan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span><u>Rita Sari<o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Nim. 0701218119</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 335.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="width: 447.1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="596"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Silabus dan Sistem Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Mata pelajaran</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: Fiqih<span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kelas/semester</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: XII / Genap</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pertemuan ke</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: 5 (Lima)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117pt; text-indent: -126pt;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Standar Kompetensi</span></b><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>: : memahami Hukum-Hukum Syar’i<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1044"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 81pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 29.2pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Dasar</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 81pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Materi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -23.4pt;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Pokok</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 90pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kegiatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pembelajaran</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 81pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Indikator<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="width: 225pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="300"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0.0001pt -41.4pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 18pt;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 54pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Alokasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Waktu</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 171pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="228"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Sumber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Belaja</span></b><span lang="EN-GB">r</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="2" style="width: 54pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Teknik</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 63pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Bentuk</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Instrumen</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 108pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 47.2pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Contoh Instrumen</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 157.75pt;"> <td style="width: 81pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Siswa Menerapkan akan hukum-hukum syar’I dalam kehidupan</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 81pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Hukum Wadh’i dan pembagian hukum wadh’i</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 90pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.6pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1. Guru mengucapkan salam dan menyampaikan materi yang akan dipelajari<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8pt; text-indent: -8pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">2.Menjelaskan materi. Dan menggunakan strategi pembelajaran sinergis</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">3.Simpulan dan salam</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 81pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1 menjelaskan pengertian hukum wadh’i dengan benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">2.Menjelaskan pembagian hukum wadh’i dengan baik dan benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="width: 54pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Tes tulis</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Tes tulis</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 63pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Tes uraian</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Tes uraian</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 108pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan hukum wadh’i?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">2. Sebutkan ada berapa pembagian hukum wadh’i?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">3.Apa yang kamu ketahui tentang pengertian syarat?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 54pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">1</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">´</span></span><span lang="EN-GB">15 </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 2.2pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Menit</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 171pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="228"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Al-Hikmah, Membina Kreatifitas dan Prestasi, KTSP Fiqih Modul Pembelajaran Madrasah Aliyah untuk kelas XII/Genap</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="5" style="width: 335.9pt; border: medium none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Mengetahui,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Supervisor</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><u>Dra.Rusdiana husaini, M.Ag<o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Nip: 1960 04 21 1994 03 2004</span></p> </td> <td colspan="5" style="width: 447.1pt; border: medium none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="596"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">Banjarmasin, 17April 2010<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Mahasiswa praktikan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Rita Sari<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Nim 0701218119</span></p> </td> </tr> <!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]--> <tr height="0"> <td style="border: medium none;" width="108">
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<br /></td> </tr> <!--[endif]--> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Silabus dan Sistem Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Mata pelajaran</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>: Fiqih</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pertemuan ke</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>6 (Enam)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Standar Kompetensi</span></b><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>: Memiliki Pemahaman dan penghayatan yang lebih mendalam terhadap ajaran islam tentang haji<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1044"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 81pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Dasar</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 72pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Materi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pokok</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 126pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Kegiatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Pembelajaran</span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width: 99pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="132"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Indikator<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="3" style="width: 225pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="300"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 56.15pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="75"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Alokasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Waktu</span></b></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 123.85pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="165"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Sumber<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Belaja</span></b><span lang="EN-GB">r</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 63pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Teknik</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 63pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Bentuk</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Instrumen</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 99pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="132"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB">Contoh Instrumen</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 157.75pt;"> <td style="width: 81pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Memahami dan mengamalkan terhadap hukum haji<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 72pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV">Pengertian haji dan Rukun haji <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 126pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1. Guru mengucapkan salam dan menyampaikan bahan yang akan dipelajari<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8pt; text-indent: -8pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">2.Menjelaskan materi. Dan menjalankan strategi pemilahan kartu</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">3.Simpulan dan salam</span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="width: 99pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="132"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">1.Menjelaskan pengertian haji dengan benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">2. Menyebutkan rukun haji secara sistematis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.55pt; text-indent: -13.55pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">3.Menjelaskan pengertian dari rukun-rukun haji<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 63pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Tes tulis</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">Tes tulis</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 63pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Tes uraian</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">Tes uraian</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.95pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 99pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="132"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">1.tinggal dipadang arafah mulai tergelincir matahari tanggal 9 dzulhijjah sampai tenggelam matahari disebut?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">2. Thawaf yang menjadi rukun haji disebut?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-GB">3.Syarat sah thawaf adalah/</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">4.cara untuk mengakhiridari ihram adalah?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">5.sai dikerjakan dengan ?<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 56.15pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="75"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">1</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">´</span></span><span lang="EN-GB">15 menit</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 123.85pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 157.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="165"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB">1.Al-Hikmah, Membina Kreatifitas dan Prestasi, KTSP Fiqih Modul Pembelajaran Madrasah Aliyah untuk kelas X/Ganjil</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>2.Ilmu Fiqih Islam Lengkap, Moh. Rifa;i<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="4" style="width: 335.9pt; border: medium none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Mengetahui,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Supervisor</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><u>Dra.Rusdiana husiani, M. Ag<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Nip: 1969 04 21 1994 03 2004</span></p> </td> <td colspan="6" style="width: 447.1pt; border: medium none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="596"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV">Banjarmasin, 23 April 2010<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Mahasiswa praktikan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span>Rita Sari<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span style="" lang="SV"><span style=""> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Nim. 0701218119</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="4" style="width: 335.9pt; border: medium none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="448"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td colspan="6" style="width: 447.1pt; border: medium none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="596"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 180.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<br /></td> </tr> <!--[endif]--> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-537943282785937652010-07-25T22:14:00.000-07:002010-07-25T22:17:12.838-07:00Tingkatan-tingkatan kurikulum PendidikanTUGAS BERSTRUKTUR<br />Pengembangan Kurikulum Bahasa Arab DOSEN PEMBIMBING<br />Drs.H.Hamdan, H.M<br /><br /><br />TINGKATAN-TINGKATAN KURIKULUM PENDIDIKAN<br /><br />Oleh :<br />Amelia : 0701238180<br />Bahrul Helmi : 0701238146<br />M. Iqbal Anshari : 0701238162<br />M. Syafi’i : 0701238193<br />Yuliana : 0701238206<br /><br />INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI ANTASARI<br />FAKULTAS TARBIYAH<br />JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA ARAB<br />BANJARMASIN<br />2010<br /><br />BAB I<br />PENDAHULUAN<br />Ada beberapa tingkatan-tingkatan dalam kurikulum pendidikan adalah:<br />1. Kurikulum tingkat nasional<br />Pada tingkat nasional ini kurikulum digunakan untuk seluruh sekolah-sekolah yang ada di Indonesia baik yang berada di daerah perkotaan maupun di daerah yang terpencil. Sistem kurikulum ini menggunakan adanya jenjang-jenjang dalam pendidikan yang akan dijalani oleh anak didik<br />2. Kurikulum tingkat instutisional / lembaga<br />Pada tingkat instutisional / lembaga ini, kurikulum hanya digunakan oleh sekolah itu sendiri dan kurikulum itu juga dibuat oleh sekolah itu sendiri, tapi dengan berpedoman pada kurikulum nasional dan tidak terlepas dari pada tujuan nasional. Adanya kurikulum tingkat instutisional ini sekolah itu dapat berkembang dengan baik karena sekolahlah yang lebih tahu tentang keadaan anak didiknya, baik itu dari segi tingkatan perkembangan siswa.<br />3. Kurikulum tingkat bidang studi / mata pelajaran<br />Pada tingkat bidang studi / mata pelajaran ini, kurikulum digunakan untuk mata pelajaran, kurikulum mata pelajaran, kurikulum ini dibuat oleh guru mata pelajaran itu sendiri yang tidak terlepas dari tujuan instutisional dan nasional dalam pendidikan, tujuan kurikulum ini agar dalam pembelajaran itu efektif dan berjalan dengan baik.<br /><br />BAB II<br />PEMBAHASAN<br />A. Tingkat-tingkat pengembangan kurikulum<br />1. Pengembangan kurikulum tingkat nasional<br />Pada tingkatan ini pengembangan kurikulum dibahas dalam lingkup nasional, meliputi jalur pendidikan sekolah dan luar sekolah, baik secara vertical maupun secara horizontal dalam rangka merealisasikan tujuan pendidikan nasional.<br />Jalur pendidikan sekolah merupakan pendidikan yang diselenggarakan disekolah melalui kegiatan pembelajaran secara berjenjang dan berkesinambungan, sedangkan jalur pembelajaran diluar sekolah melalui kegiatan pembelajaran yang tidak berjenjang dan berkesinambungan.<br />Secara vertikal berkaitan dengan kontinuitas pengembangan kurikulum antara berbagai jenjang pendidikan (pendidikan dasar menengah dan pendidikan tinggi , sedangkan secara horizontal berkaitan dengan keselarasan antar berbagai jenis pendidikan dengan berbagai jenjang.<br />Pengembangan kurikulum tingkat nasional ini dilakukan dalam rangka mengembangkan standar kompetensi untuk masing-masing jenjang dan jenis pendidikan, terutama pada jalur pendidikan sekolah.<br />2. Pengembangan kurikulum tingkat institusional / lembaga<br />Kegiatan dalam pengembangan kurikulum tingkat lembaga ini harus diketahui, yaitu:<br />a. Perumusan tujuan institusional<br />Sumber-sumber yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam merumuskan tujuan internasional sekurang-kurangnya ada 3 sumber yang penting, yaitu tujuan pendidikan nasional yang tercantum dalam undang-undang sistem pendidikan nasional, pandangan atau harapan masyarakat dan dunia pekerjaan, harapan lembaga pendidikan yang lebih tinggi.<br />Ciri-ciri tujuan institusional dapat dikaji melalui tiga segi:<br />1. Segi katagori<br />Tujuan institusional dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tujuan institusional umum atau khusus. Tujuan institusional umum yaitu tujuan yang menggambarkan pengetahuan dan sikap yang bersifat umum perlu dimiliki oleh para lulusan lembaga sekolah tersebut, misalnya:<br />- Memiliki sifat-sifat dasar sebagai warga Negara yang baik<br />- Sehat jasmani atau rohani, dan seterusnya<br />Tujuan institusional khusus merupakan jabatan dari tujuan, institusional umum yang juga dirumuskan bersifat umum.<br />2. Segi yang dicakup<br />Cakupan aspek domain tujuan istitusional atau sekolah meliputi aspek domain tujuan aspek pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap yang diharapkan kepada lulusannya setelah menyelesaikan program studi.<br />3. Segi tingkat ke khususan<br />b. Penetapan isi dan struktur program<br />Struktur program yang memiliki pemantapan:<br />- Jenis-jenis pendidikan (umum, akademis, keterampilan, dan lain-lain )<br />- Sistem / jumlah kelas dan unit waktu yang digunakan semester atau caturwulan<br />- Jumlah bidang studi yang diajarkan dalam setiap harinya.<br />- Jumlah jam pelajaran untuk setiap bidang studi perhari.<br />c. Penyusunan strategi pelaksanaan kurikulum<br />Dalam penyusunan strategi pelaksanaan kurikulum ini ada empat cakupan yang diperhatikan, yaitu:<br />1. Pelaksanaan pengajaran<br />2. Pengadaan penilaian<br />3. Pengadaan bimbingan dan penyuluhan<br />4. Pelaksanaan administrasi dan supervisi<br />Dari rumusan hasil pengembangan tingkat institusional atau kelembagaan tersebut, kemudian oleh guru dijabarkan kembali secara lebih terinci karenanya pada tingkat pengembangan kurikulum yang paling rendah pun, yaitu tingkat pengajaran guru selalu mengawalinya dengan merumuskan tujuan yang telah konkrit atau jelas. Tujuan yang konkrit dan jelas mencakup jenis kemampuan dan perubahan tingkah laku yang diharapkan setelah siswa mengikuti proses belajar-mengajar.<br />Pada pengembangan kurikulum tingkat pengajaran ada beberapa hal yang harus dilakukan oleh guru sehubungan dengan pengembangan kurikulum tingkat pengajaran, yaitu:<br />1. Menganalisis tujuan berdasarkan apa yang tertuang dalam kurikulum<br />2. Mengembangkan alat evaluasi berdasarkan tujuan<br />3. Merumuskan bahan yang sesuai dengan isi kurikulum<br />4. Merumuskan bentuk kegiatan belajar-mengajar yang dapat member pengalaman belajar kepada murid<br />5. Melaksanakan apa yang telah diprogramkan<br />3. Pengembangan kurikulum tingkat bidang studi / mata pelajaran<br />Pengembangan pada tingkat bidang studi atau mata pelajaran, dimaksudkan agar setiap bidang studi atau mata pelajaran secara efektifitas dan konsisten dapat menunjang tujuan kelembagaan yang telah dirumuskan sebelumnya<br />Langkah-langkah yang harus ditempuh dalam mengembangkan setiap program studi ini, meliputi:<br />a. Merumuskan tujuan kurikulum<br />Tujuan kurikulum yang dimaksud adalah rumusan tujuan pengetahuan , keterampilan, dan sikap yang diharapkan dimiliki para murid pada bidang studi tertentu, setelah mereka menyelesaikan keseluruhan program pada seluruh lembaga pendidikan tertentu.<br />b. Merumuskan tujuan pengajaran<br />Yang dimaksud dengan tujuan pengajaran adalah rumusan tujuan pengetahuan, keterampilan dan sikap yang merupakan jabaran tujuan kurikulum dan sebagai dasar untuk menetapkan bahan pengajaran dalam setiap bidang studi .<br />c. Menetapkan pokok bahasan / sub pokok bahasan<br />Ada beberapa langkah yang ditempuh dalam upaya memilih topik ( konsep pokok atau sub pokok bahasan, antara lain:<br />- Mengidentifikasi topic-topik yang diperkirakan dapat dijadikan bahan untuk dipelajari murid agar mencapai tujuan yang telah dirumuskan.<br />- Memilih topik-topik yang paling relevan, fungsional, efektif dan konprehensif bagi pencapaian tujuan yang telah di identifikasi<br />d. Menyusun pedoman khusus<br />4. Pengembangan kurikulum tingkat satuan bahasan<br />Dalam mengembangkan program pengajaran, GBPP ( gari-garis besar program pengajaran ) bidang studi yang ada harus dikaji dan diolah para guru sehingga menjadi satuan-satuan bahan pelajaran yang disajikan kepada murid.<br />Satuan bahan adalah satuan konsep, pengertian atau masalah yang dapat disajikan kepada murid tugas guru dalam menyusun program pengajaran ini berarti para guru secara langsung menjadi pengembangan kurikulum , mengapa digunakan istilah pengembangan, karena guru harus berupaya mengembangkan topik-topik yang menjadi bahasan pelajaran yang jelas isi dan luasnya. Ini berarti, guru harus menjabarkan topic yang ada kedalam sub-sub topik.<br /><br />BAB III<br />PENUTUP<br />Simpulan<br />Kurikulum tingkat nasional<br />Pada tingkatan ini pengembangan kurikulum dibahas dalam lingkup nasional, meliputi jalur pendidikan sekolah dan luar sekolah, Jalur pendidikan sekolah merupakan pendidikan yang diselenggarakan disekolah melalui kegiatan pembelajaran secara berjenjang dan berkesinambungan, sedangkan jalur pembelajaran diluar sekolah melalui kegiatan pembelajaran yang tidak berjenjang dan berkesinambungan.<br />Kurikulum tingkat institusional / lembaga<br />Kegiatan dalam pengembangan kurikulum tingkat lembaga ini harus diketahui, yaitu:<br />a. Perumusan tujuan institusional<br />b. Penetapan isi dan struktur program<br />c. Penyusunan strategi pelaksanaan kurikulum<br />Kurikulum ini dibuat dan digunakan untuk sekolah itu juga, tentunya tidak terlepas dengan tujuan nasional.<br />Kurikulum tingkat bidang studi / mata pelajaran<br />Kurikulum pada tingkat bidang studi atau mata pelajaran ini dimaksudkan agar setiap bidang studi atau mata pelajaran secara efektifitas dan konsisten dapat menunjang tujuan kelembagaan yang telah dirumuskan<br /><br />DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br />Dr. E. Mulyasa, M. Pd, 2004, Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi, Bandung: PT. remaja rosda karya<br />H. Hafni Ladji, 2005, Pengembangan Kurikulum, CIputat: PT. Ciputat press group<br />Drs. Fuaduddin, M.Pd, DKK, 1992, Pengembangan dan Inovasi kurikulum (DITJEN Pembinaan kelembagaan Agama Islam, Departemen Agama), Jakarta: universitas TerbukaArul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-35910383563416943082010-05-01T20:24:00.000-07:002010-05-01T20:31:46.046-07:00<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cbahruul%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cbahruul%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cbahruul%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 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9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults ext="edit" spidmax="2050"> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout ext="edit"> <o:idmap ext="edit" data="1"> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 203.8pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="272" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><u><span style="" lang="SV-FI">TUGAS BERSTRUKTUR</span></u></b><b><span style="" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="" lang="SV-FI">Pendidikan Akidah<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="width: 203.85pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt;" width="272" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><u><span style="" lang="SV-FI">DOSEN PEMBIMBING</span></u></b><b><span style="" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="" lang="SV-FI">Drs.H.Hamdan, H.M<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'position:absolute;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\bahruul\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg" title="" gain="34079f" blacklevel="19661f"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: -2; left: 0px; margin-left: -36px; margin-top: 23px; width: 656px; height: 732px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/bahruul/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="656" height="732" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI">Pendapat Beberapa Aliran Kalam Tentang Kekuasaan Mutlak Tuhan dan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI">Kebebasan Manusia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'position:absolute;left:0;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\bahruul\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td width="204" height="32"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/bahruul/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="168" height="168" /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Snap ITC";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Snap ITC";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Snap ITC";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: "Snap ITC";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><span style="" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<br /> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="" lang="SV-FI">Oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 44.15pt 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI">Lisna Milha Maris<span style=""> </span>:<span style=""> </span>070 123 8188<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 44.15pt 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI">Siti Rahmah<span style=""> </span>: 070 123 8202<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 44.15pt 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI">M.Iqbal Ansari<span style=""> </span>: 070 123 8162<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 44.15pt 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI">Doni Kurniawan<span style=""> </span>: 070 123 8147<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 44.15pt 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI">Abdai Ratomi<span style=""> </span>: 070 123 8135<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI">INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI ANTASARI<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI">FAKULTAS TARBIYAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI">JURUSAN<span style=""> </span>PENDIDIKAN BAHASA ARAB<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI">BANJARMASIN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;" lang="SV-FI">2009<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Perbedaan pendapat pada manusia adalah suatu kenyataan yang tidak bisa dipungkiri. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI">Jika manusia sejak kecilnya memandang alam sekitarnya dengan pandangan filosofis – sementara pandangan orang berbeda-beda, maka kelanjutan ialah bahwa gambaran dan imajinasi manusia juga berbeda-beda. Demikian juga halnya yang terjadi dalam kenyataan kehidupan kaum muslimin, di mana sejarah mencatat bahwa kaum muslimin sepeninggal Rasulullah SAW. Setelah terbagi kepada beberapa aliran dalam bidang Teologi yang semulanya hanya dilator belakangi oleh persoalan politik, seperti : Jabariyah, Qadariyah, Mu’tazilah, Asy’ariyah dan Maturidiyah. Masing-masing aliran berbeda pendapat dalam mengemukakan konsep mereka dalam bidang teologi, di samping disebabkan karena memang munculnya perbedaan itu terkait langsung dengan perbedaan kecenderungan, tingkat pengetahuan dan pengalaman, juga disebabkan karena di antara dasar-dasar agama, baik yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an maupun hadis Nabi memberikan peluang untuk munculnya perbedaan persepsi dalam memberikan peluang untuk munculnya perbedaan persepsi dalam memberikan interpretasi, khususnya dalam lapangan teologi seperti masalah sifat-sifat tuhan, perbuatan manusia dan perbuatan Tuhan, keadilan, kehendak muthlak Tuhan, akal dan wahyu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI">Dalam makalah ini penulis akan mengetengahkan tentang<span style=""> </span>kebebasan manusia dan kekuasaan mutlak Tuhan </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI">dengan memperbandingkan pendapat berbagai aliran dalam Islam yang pernah muncul dalam sejarah.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI">
<br /> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Allah sebagai Pencipta alam semesta dan Penguasa hari pembalasan, mengatasi segala apa yang ada. Ia adalah wujud yang mempunyai kehendak dan kekuasaan yang tidak terbatas di samping memiliki keadilan.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Mausia sebagai makhluk ciptan Allah mendapat kemuliaan untuk menjadi khalifahnya di muka bumi ini, pemikul amanah yang akan dimintai pertanggung jawaban di hadapan mahkamah agung. Allah memberikan akal untuk memahami wahyu yang diturunkan-Nya melalui rasul-rasul-Nya, di samping hak kebebasan dan hak memiliki sesuai dengan taklif yangmenjadi tanggung jawabnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Namun dalam sejarah perkembangan ilmu kalam, terdapat perbedaan-perbedaan konsep tentang kekuasaan dan kehendak mutlak Tuhan, dikaitkan dengan keadilan Tuhan. Hal ini didasari oleh perbedaan pemahaman terhadap kekuatan akal, fungsi wahyu, kebebasan serta kekuasaan manusia di hadapan Tuhan yang Maha Berkehendak dan Maha Kuasa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kehendak Mutlak Tuhan</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mu’tazilah sebagai aliran kaum rasional, di samping memberikan daya yang besar kepada akal, juga memberikan kebebasan kepada manusia untuk melaksanakan kehendak dan perbuatannya. Karenanya menurut paham Mu’tazilah kehendak dan kekuasaan mutlak Tuhan tidak bersifat mutlak lagi, tetapi sudah terbatas.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keterbatasan kekuasaan dan kehendak mutlak Tuhan itu terjadi oleh adanya pembatasan yang diciptakannya sendiri, yaitu dengan menciptakan kebebasan berkemauan dan berbuat bagi manusia, hukum alam, sunah Allah, norma-norma keadilan dan kewajiban Tuhan itu sendiri terhadap manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paham tentang kebebasan berkemauan dan berbuat bagi manusia dalam pandangan Mu’tazilah bertitik tolak dari pandangan bahwa perbuatan manusia tidak lah dicptakan oleh Tuhan, tapi manusia sendiri yang menciptakannya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dengan kebebasan berkemauan<span style=""> </span>dan berbuat berarti manusia merdeka dalam menentukan nasibnya sendiri. Kebebasan ini akan membawa kepada tanggung jawab pribadi. Segala perbuatan baik maksiat yang mendatangkan dosa, maupun ketaatan yang mendatangkan pahala adalah tanggungjawab yang harus dipikul oleh seseorang sesuai denga firman Allah:<a style="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.85pt; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">H</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">å</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">[</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">¹</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">¾</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">™</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">•</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">5</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">O</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¯</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">‹</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">j</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya: </span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Barangsiapa yang mengerjakan amal yang saleh Maka (pahalanya) untuk dirinya sendiri dan Barangsiapa mengerjakan perbuatan jahat, Maka (dosanya) untuk dirinya sendiri; dan sekali-kali tidaklah Rabb-mu Menganiaya hamba-hambaNya</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">(Fushshilat:46)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 36pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">¤</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">§</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">M</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">o</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">‹</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">d</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ñ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya<i>: Tiap-tiap diri bertanggung jawab atas apa yang telah diperbuatnya<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">(Al-Mudatstsir:38)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">™</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">†</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ú</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">z</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">%</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ý</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">W</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya<i>: Sebagai sunnah Allah yang Berlaku atas orang-orang yang telah terdahulu sebelum (mu), dan kamu sekali-kali tiada akan mendapati peubahan pada sunnah Allah. </i>(Al-Ahzab:62)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Ayat di atas secara gamblang menyatakan bahwa tidak ada dijumpai perubahan dalam hukum alam tersebut. Hukum alam tersebut tidak mengalami perubahan atas kehendak Tuhan sendiri dan dengan demikian, merupakan batasan bagi kekuasaan dan kehendak mutlak Tuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Di sini jelas kelihatan, bahwa kaum Mu’tazilah sangat menekankan adanya hukum alam yang diciptakan Tuhan. Adanya sunnatullah di alam ini membatasi kehendak dan kekuasaan mutlak Tuhan, sebab Tuhan tidak akan berbuat dan tidak menghendaki untuk berbuat di luar dari ketetapan yang telah diciptakannya sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Selanjutnya menurut Mu’tazilah, yang membatasi kehendak dan kekuaaan mutlak Tuhan ialah diciptakannya norma-norma keadilan yang menimbulakan adanya kewajiban-kewajiban terhadap manusia berupa berbuat baik dan terbaik bagi manusia (<i style="">ash-shalaahu wa al-ashlah</i>) dengan memelihara kepentingan hamba-hamba-Nya seperti pengiriman Rasul-rasul-Nya guna memberi petunjuk kepada jalan yang benar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Firman Allah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">û</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">É</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">j</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‹</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">®</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">L</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">m</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">]</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">™</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ê</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya<i>: Kami tidak akan meng'azab sebelum Kami mengutus seorang rasul.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">(Al-Isra: 15)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">w</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">†</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">Š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">‹</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">Q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ê</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya<i>: Sesungguhnya Allah tidak menyalahi janji.</i> (Arab-Ra’ad: 31)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dari uraian di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa kehendak dan kekuasaan mutlak Tuhan sebenarnya tidak mutlak lagi, karena dengan menghadapi zat yang bersifat terbatas maka kehendak dan kekuasaan Tuhan pun menjadi terbatas, dan keterbatasan ini dibatasi oleh Tuhan sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dalam memahami kehendak dan kekuasaan mutlak Tuhan golongan Asy’ariyah berbeda pendapat dengan golongan Mu’tazilah. Menurut Asy’ari Tuhan mempunyai kehendak dan kekuasaan mutlak. Segala sesuatu, apakah kebaikan atau kejahatan menurut kehendak Tuhan. Tidak seorang pun yang sanggup berbuat sesuatu, kalau tidak dengan kehendak Allah. Kita lemah dan tidak sanggup keluar dari ilmu Allah. Allah adala satu-satunya pencipta. Perbuatan manusia pun adalah ciptaannya. Sesuai dengan firman Allah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">ª</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">{</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ò</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya<i>: Padahal Allah-lah yang menciptakan kamu dan apa yang kamu perbuat itu".(as-shaffat:96)<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dari keterangan di atas, jelas bahwa Asy’ari menghubungkan antara ilmu Tuhan dengan kehendak-Nya untuk menolak pendapat yang menyatakan bahwa kehendak-Nya menyalahi apa yang diketahui dan sekaligus menetapkan bahwa Tuhan sesungguhnya menghendaki terjadinya apa yang diketahui, sebagai mana yang telah Dia ketahui.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Al-Ghazali, seorang tokoh aliran Asy’ariyah mengemukakan bahwa Allah Maha Kuasa atas segala sesuatu. Kekuasaan dan kehendak-Nya adalah mutlak. Oleh sebab itu, tak ada satu pun yang merupakan kewajiban bagi-Nya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Penciptaan alam dan pembebanan atas-Nya dengan tugas-tugas adala sesuatu yang <span style=""> </span><i style="">jaiz </i>(boleh saja bagi Allah), bukan merupakan kewajiban. Dia tidak wajib memberi pahala kepada orang yang taat, atau mengenakan sanksi kepada orang yang durhaka. Dengan demikian, pahala dan dosa bukanlah hak yang mesti diterima atau resiko yang mesti ditanggung oleh seorang manusia. Pahala adalah karunia Allah, dan siksaan merupakan keadilan-Nya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Al-Asfaraini dalam <i>Tabshir</i>nya menegaskan bahwa sebagaimana ilmu Allah meliputi yang maklum. Kehendak-Nya meliputi apa-apa yang terjadi, maka demikian pula kehendak dan kekuasaan-Nya meliputi segala apa yang telah ditetapkan-Nya, sama ada baik atau jahat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dari keterangan di atas jelas lah bahwa, kehendak dan kekuasaan mutlak Tuhan mengatasi segala sesuatu. Segala perbuatan apa saja yang terjadi di alam ini, baik di langit maupun di bumi, di alam malaikat ataupun manusia, binatang dan alam lainnya, hanya dengan kehendak dan kekuasaan Allah. Dia lah yang Maha Kuasa atas segala sesuatu dan segala sesuatu sebenarnya tidak memiliki kekuasaan apa pun juga.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Argumentasi rasional yang dikemukakan oleh Asy’ariyah bahwa kita menemukan kekufuran itu jahat, rusak dan batil, dan iman itu baik, sukar dan susah. Bagaimana orang kafir berupaya untuk menjadikan kekufuran tersebut menjadi baik, pasti tidak bisa. Begitu juga orang mukmin tidak bisa merubah keimanan itu menjadi sukar dan tidak melelahkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Ringkasnya andaikata manusia yang melakukan dan menghendaki melakukan perbuatan sebenarnya, niscaya perbuatan itu muncul sesuai dengan keinginan dan maksudnya. Dan nyatanya tidak demikian, maka pasti ada pelaku yang sesungguhnya itu Allah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Adapu ayat-ayat al-Qur’an yang dikadikan alasan asy’ariyah antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Firman Allah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">â</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">±</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">H</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">±</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">o</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">„</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ª</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¸</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">V</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">‹</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">m</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">É</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya<i>: Dan kamu tidak mampu (menempuh jalan itu), kecuali bila dikehendaki Allah. Sesungguhnya Allah adalah Maha mengetahui lagi Maha Bijaksana.</i> (Al-Insan:30)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0.9pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.9pt; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">Ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">£</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">“</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">±</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">’</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">o</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">T</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">×</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">Œ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">´</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">î</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">H</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">±</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">o</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">„</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ª</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">.</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">Œ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style=""></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">§</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">Œ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">M</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">S</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">¤</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">’</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">1</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">L</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">{</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‹</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">d</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI">: </span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dan jangan sekali-kali kamu mengatakan tentang sesuatu: "Sesungguhnya aku akan mengerjakan ini besok pagi (23) Kecuali (dengan menyebut): "Insya Allah". dan ingatlah kepada Tuhanmu jika kamu lupa dan Katakanlah: "Mudah-mudahan Tuhanku akan memberiku petunjuk kepada yang lebih dekat kebenarannya dari pada ini".<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">(Al-Kahfi: 23-24)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.9pt; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style=""></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">×</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">A</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">j</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ê</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">É</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ð</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya<i>: Sesungguhnya Tuhanmu Maha Pelaksana terhadap apa yang Dia kehendaki.</i>(Huud: 107)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dengan adanya kehendak dan kekuasaan mutlak Tuhan itu, maka kehendak dan tindakan manusia jadi terbatas. Dengan kata lain manusia tidak memilki kebebasan berkehendak dan berbuat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Golongan Maturidiyah dalam memahami kehendak dan kekuasaan mutlak Tuhan, terpecah menjadi dua kelompok yaitu Maturidiyah Samarkand dan Bukhara.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Maturidiyah Samarkand yang lebih banyak mempergunakan akal dalam pendapatnya lebih dekat dengan pemahaman Mu’tazilah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Menurut Maturidi kehendak dan kekuasaan mutlak Tuhan itu hanya dibatasi oleh kebebasan manusi yang diberikan oleh Tuhan sendiri dan keadaan Tuhan yang menjatuhkan hukum sewenang-wenang tidak boleh terjadi.<a style="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Untuk memperkuat pandangannya di atas, Maturidiyah Samarkand menggunakan dalil-dali naqli antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ª</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">f</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">é</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">o</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">.</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">j</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">’</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">8</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">?</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">™</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">Ž</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‚</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">’</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style=""><</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">_</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">‹</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">_</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">¥</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">^</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">O</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">G</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ñ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya<i>: Sekiranya Allah menghendaki, niscaya kamu dijadikan-Nya satu umat (saja), tetapi Allah hendak menguji kamu terhadap pemberian-Nya kepadamu, Maka berlomba-lombalah berbuat kebajikan. hanya kepada Allah-lah kembali kamu semuanya, lalu diberitahukan-Nya kepadamu apa yang telah kamu perselisihkan itu </i>(Al-Maidah: 48)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">%</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">¬</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">T</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¤</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">f</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">:</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">1</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">û</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">H</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">d</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ê</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ò</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya: <i>Katakanlah: "Allah mempunyai hujjah yang jelas lagi kuat; Maka jika Dia menghendaki, pasti Dia memberi petunjuk kepada kamu semuanya".</i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><span style=""> </span>(Al-An’am:149)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">•</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">U</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">’</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">Ú</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">{</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">2</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">·</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">H</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">d</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt;" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">M</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">'</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">õ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">}</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">®</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">L</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">m</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ú</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ò<span style="">Ò</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya: <i>Dan Jikalau Tuhanmu menghendaki, tentulah beriman semua orang yang di muka bumi seluruhnya. Maka Apakah kamu (hendak) memaksa manusia supaya mereka menjadi orang-orang yang beriman semuanya ?<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">(Yunus:99)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Ayat-ayat di atas dipahami oleh Al-Maturidi bahwa Tuhan sebenarnya berkuasa membuat manusia yang berada di bumi menjadi beriman, atau membuat sementara manusia di dalam hidayah Allah. Namun Allah tidak melakukannya disebabkan oleh kemerdekaan berkemauan dan berbuat yang memang ada di dalam diri manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Lebih lanjut Maturidiyah Bukhara ini Masyi’ah dan ridha yang memandang bahwa manusia melakukan perbuatan adalah atas kehendak Tuhan, namun tidak semuanya menurut ridha-Nya. Manusia melakukan perbuatan baik adalah atas kehendak Tuhan dan ridha-Nya, sebaliknya bila manusia melakukan perbuatan jahat, maka hal itu juga merupakan kehendak Tuhan tetapi bukan atas ridha-Nya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Al-Bazdawi berpendapat bahwa <i style="">taklifu maa laa yathiqu </i><span style="">(memberi beban di luar kemampuan manusia) </span>dapat diterima dan tidak mustahil bagi Tuhan meletakkan atas diri manusia kewajiban-kewajiban yang tidak dapat dipikulnya. Tuhan mempunyai kekuasaan mutlak dalam membuat dan melakukan sesuatu dan tidak ada siapa pun yang dapat menghalangi-Nya (kehendak Tuhan).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dari keterangan di atas jelas bahwa Maturidiyah Bukhara hampir sepaham dengan Asy’ariyah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Menurut Al-Bazdawi Tuhan menciptakan cosmos ini bukan karena ada tujuan tertentu, malah Tuhan berbuat sekehendak hati-Nya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kebebasan Manusia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kebebasan adalah perkataan menarik yang mempunyai getaran tersendiri, mempesonakan pendengaran, menarik hati, mengilhami nyanyian dan tembang membuka pintu cita-cita dan perdebatan panjang dalam sejarah pemikiran kalam, memperhatikan tuntutan kaum teraniaya dan membela kaum tertindas, dan masih banyal lagi harapan dan cita-cita lain yang ingin dicapai dengan “kebebasan kehendak”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Problematika kebebasan kehendak yang berujung pada kebebasan berpikir benar-benar mempunyai kedudukan khusus dalam sejarah pemikiran Islam, bahkan dianggap sebagai problematika rasional paling tinggi yang pernah ada, dalam sejarah Islam, menghambat kemajuan dan perkembangan kaum Muslimin. Di sekitarnya bermunculan berbagai pertanyaan, yang karenanya banyak menimbulkan perdebatan dan melahirkan banyak aliran pemikir yang spesifik atas namanya. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dengan berlalunya zaman, aliran-aliran ini masih tetap beraneka ragam dan banyak jumlahnya. Dalam topik kehendak bebas ini mereka sampai pada kesimpulan untuk memadukan antara rasio dan wahyu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Di bawah ini akan dipaparkan beberapa pendapat aliran-aliran kalam tentang kebebasan manusia:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Qadariyah</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Qadariah berakar pada <i>qadara</i> yang dapat berarti memutuskan dan memiliki kekuatan atau kemampuan. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sedangkan sebagai aliran dalam ilmu kalam, Qadariah adalah nama yang dipakai untuk suatu aliran yang memberikan penekanan terhadap kebebasan dan kekuatan manusia dalam menghasilkan perbuatan-perbuatannya. Aliran Qadariah timbul setelah muncul polemik di kalangan umat Islam tentang sampai dimanakah manusia sebagai ciptaan Tuhan, bergantung kepada kehendak dan kekuasaan dan Kemutlakan Tuhan dalam menentukan perbuatan dan perjalanan hidup manusia ? </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Apakah Tuhan yang menentukan dan menggerakkan seluruh perbuatan-perbuatan manusia? Apakah Tuhan memberikan kebebasan dan kemerdekaan kepada manusia untuk mengatur hidupnya? Ataukah manusia sendiri yang menentukan perbuatan-perbuatan dan arah hidupnya?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dalam menanggapi pertanyaan seperti ini, aliran Qadariah berpendapat bahwa manusia mempunyai kemerdekaan dan kebebasan dalam menentukan perjalanan hidupnya. Dengan demikian nama Qadariah berasal dari pengertian bahwa manusia mempunyai <i>qudrah</i>. Ma’bad al-Juhani (w. 80 H/699 M), yang juga tokoh utama aliran ini adalah orang pertama yang menyerukan pendapat tentang kehendak bebas. Dalam ajarannya, beliau sangat menekankan bahwa manusia bebas dalam gerak laku dan perbuatannya. Manusia dinilai mempunyai kekuatan untuk melaksanakan kehendaknya itu. Ini berarti bahwa manusialah yang menentukan arah perbuatan dan gerak lakunya dalam hidup. Tanpa adanya campur tangan Tuhan.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Sebagaimana yang dikemukakan oleh Ghailan al-Dimasyqi (w. 105 H/722 M)<a style="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>—tokoh kedua dalam paham Qadariah—berpendapat bahwa manusia berkuasa untuk melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan atas kehendak dan kekuasaannya sendiri, dan manusia pula yang melakukan atau tidak melakukan perbuatan-perbuata jahat atas kemampuan dan dayanya sendiri. Penjelasan ini lebih lanjut dijelaskan oleh Ali Mushthafa al-Ghurabi yang menyatakan :</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">“Sesungguhnya Allah telah menciptakan manusia dan menciptakan baginya kekuatan agar dapat melaksanakan apa yang dibebankan oleh Tuhan kepadanya, karena jika Allah memberi beban kepada manusia, namun Ia (Tuhan) tidak memberikan kekuatan kepada manusia, maka beban itu adalah sia-sia, sedangkan kesia-siaan bagi Allah adalah suatu hal yang tidak boleh terjad”i.</span></i><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Perlu menjadi perhatian, pemahaman tentang Qadariah ini jangan dikacaukan dengan pemahaman tentang sifat-sifat <i>Qudrat</i> yang dimiliki oleh Allah, karena sifat <i>qudrat</i> ini lebih ditujukan kepada upaya ma’rifat kepada Allah Swt. <i>Qudrat</i> Tuhan adalah bersifat abadi, kekal, berada pada zat Allah, tunggal, tidak terbilang dan tidak berakhir dalam hubungannya dengan zat. Sedangkan paham Qadariah lebih ditujukan kepada <i>qudrat</i> yang dimiliki manusia. <i>Qudrat</i> ini bersifat sementara, dapat hilang, berproses, bertambah dan berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Ayat-ayat al-Qur’an yang dijadikan dalil oleh Mu’tazilah untuk mendukung pendapat mereka diantaranya dalam Surah al-Ra’ad ayat 11:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0.9pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ž</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">c</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">w</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">Ž</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">É</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">i</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">®</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">L</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">m</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">Ž</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">É</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">i</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">k</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">¦</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">'</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">/</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Artinya<i>: Sesungguhnya Allah tidak merobah Keadaan sesuatu kaum sehingga mereka merobah keadaan yang ada pada diri mereka sendiri<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Surah al-kahfi ayat 29:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">,</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">O</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">§</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">‹</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Æ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">õ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">‹</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Artinya<i>: Dan Katakanlah: "Kebenaran itu datangnya dari Tuhanmu; Maka Barangsiapa yang ingin (beriman) hendaklah ia beriman, dan Barangsiapa yang ingin (kafir) Biarlah ia kafir". <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Jabariah</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Jabariah berasal dari kata <i>jabara</i> yang berarti memaksa. Paham ini berpendapat bahwa manusia tidak mempunyai kemerdekaan dalam menentukan kehendak dan perbuatannya. Manusia mengerjakan perbuatannya dalam keadaan terpaksa. Dalam istilah Inggris paham ini dikenal dengan nama fatalism atau predestination.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dalam sejarah teologi Islam, paham Jabariah dimunculkan pertama kali oleh al-Ja’d Ibn Dirham, tetapi yang menyiarkan ajaran ini adalah al-Jahm bin Safwan (w. 127 H/745 M). al-Jahm bin Safwan menggambarkan kehendak bebas ini dengan berpendapat, sebagaimana dikutip oleh al-Syahrastani,
<br /><i>“Manusia tidak mampu melakukan sesuatu dan memang tidak bisa disebut mampu. Sebaliknya, di dalam segala aktivitasnya, ia terpaksa karena ia tidak mempunyai kemampuan, kehendak dan kebebasan. Pahala, siksa dan kewajiban merupakan keterpaksaan seperti semua perbuatan.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Bagi Jabariah segala perbuatan hanya terjadi dengan <i>qudrat</i> dan <i>iradat</i>-Nya. Manusia tidak mempunyai <i>qudrat</i> dan <i>iradat</i>, manusia hanya merupakan wadah bagi apa yang Allah kehendaki.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Adapun alasan yang mereka ajukan:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><span style="">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Sekiranya manusia menciptakan pekerjaan atau perbuatan dengan <i>qudrat</i>nya, berdasarkan kepada <i>iradat</i>nya sendiri, tentulah perbuatan-perbuatannya itu bukan dengan kehendak dan <i>qudrat</i> Allah. Karena mustahil berpautan dua kehendak dengan satu perbuatan dan menjadikan <i>qudrat</i> Allah terbatas. Dan Allah mempunyai sekutu dalam perbuatan-Nya. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan kebesaran Allah Swt, padahal kesempurnaan-Nya adalah mutlak.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><span style="">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Seorang manusia yang mempunyai daya pilih atau kehendak bebas apa yang disukai, tentulah ilmunya meliputi segala perincian apa yang dibuatnya, sedangkan Allah SWT berfirman:</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0.9pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">
<br /></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">Ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">,</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">{</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">d</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">‹</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">Ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¯</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">Ž</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">:</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ê</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya<i>: “Apakah Allah yang menciptakan itu tidak mengetahui ( yang kamu lahirkan dan rahasiakan ) dan Dia Maha Halus lagi Maha Mengetahui ?” </i>(QS. Al-Mulk/67: 14)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Maka kalau manusia menciptakan segala perbuatan dengan ikhtiarnya, tentulah dia mengetahui perincian dari perbuatan-perbuatannya itu, misalnya apakah manusia mengetahui apabila dia melangkah apa yang akan terjadi dari langkahnya itu ? Dan apakah dia mengetahui mengapa kakinya bergerak, dan apa yang bergerak dengan bergeraknya kaki? Dan seterusnya. Akan tetapi, manusia tidak mengetahui perincian itu. Kalau demikian, tidaklah manusia mukhtar dalam perbuatannya.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><span style="">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Segala perbuatan hanya dinisbatkan kepada yang melaksanakannya, bukan kepada yang menciptakannya. Sesungguhnya Allah menciptakan perbuatan dan Allah sendiri tidak bersifat dengan perbuatan-perbuatan itu. Yang bersifat dengan perbuatan ialah tempat perbuatannya itu. Masalah taklif, pahala dan siksa tidaklah tunduk kepada aturan-aturan yang dapat kita analogikan kepada perbuatan-perbuatan kita. Aturan-aturan itu berada di atas pengertian kita dan Allah tidak ditanyakan tentang perbuatan-Nya</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Mu’tazilah</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Aliran Mu’tazilah mempercayai keadilan Tuhan, bahkan menganggapnya sebagai satu dari sekian prinsip yang paling penting, karena tidak adil jika ia membebani seseorang dengan harus memikul sesuatu yang tidak mampu dilakukannya atau meminta pertanggungan jawaban dari apa yang tidak dikerjakannya, atau jika ia menghitung hasil perbuatan yang tidak dikehendakinya. Oleh karena itulah semua penganut Mu’tazilah sepakat bahwa manusia kuasa dan mampu menciptakan perbuatan-perbuatannya, baik maupun buruk, kelak di akhirat ia berhak mendapatkan pahala atau siksa karena perbuatan-perbuatannya tersebut. Sedangkan Allah SWT adalah zat Yang Maha Bersih dari penyandaran kejelekan dan kezaliman serta perbuatan buruk dan maksiat, karena jika Allah menciptakan kezaliman berarti Ia adalah zat Yang Maha Zalim.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Kaum Mu’tazilah berpendapat bahwa kekuasaan Tuhan sebenarnya tidak bersifat mutlak lagi. Kekuasaan mutlak Tuhan telah dibatasi oleh kebebasan yang, menurut faham Mu’tazilah, telah diberikan kepada manusia dalam menentukan kemauan dan perbuatan. Kekuasaan mutlak itu dibatasi pula oleh sifat keadilan Tuhan. Tuhan tidak bisa lagi berbuat sekehendak-Nya, Tuhan telah terikat pada norma-norma keadilan yang telah ditetapkan sendiri oleh-Nya. Tuhan juga telah dibatasi oleh kewajiban-kewajiban Tuhan terhadap manusia dan terakhir kekuasaan Tuhan dibatasi pula oleh natur atau hukum alam (<i>sunatullah</i>). Yang terakhir ini mereka mengajukan argumen dengan mengutip ayat al-Quran:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 18pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">™</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">†</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ú</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">z</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">%</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ý</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">W</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya: <i>Sebagai sunnah Allah yang Berlaku atas orang-orang yang telah terdahulu sebelum (mu), dan kamu sekali-kali tiada akan mendapati perubahan pada sunnah Allah.</i> (Al-Ahzab: 62)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dari hal di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa problematika kehendak menurut aliran Mu’tazilah berkaitan erat dengan prinsip keadilan Tuhan yang mereka kembangkan. Mereka memandang bahwa keadilan Allah menjadi hilang jika seseorang dituntut harus mempertanggungjawabkan perbuatan yang tidak ia kerjakan, atau jika ia dihisab tentang perbuatan yang tidak ia kehendaki. Kemudian mereka memperluas ide keadilan dengan membuat dua teori sebagai cabang, yaitu teori tentang yang baik dan yang paling baik serta teori kebaikan dan kejelekan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Untuk persoalan pertama mereka menetapkan bahwa orang bijak (Al-Hakim) tidak akan melakukan suatu perbuatan kecuali karena ada hikmah dan tujuannya, karena perbuatan yang tidak memiliki tujuan adalah kebodohan dan sia-sia. Orang bijak adakalanya mengambil manfaat atau memberi manfaat kepada orang lain. Ketika Allah mengambil manfaat darinya, sebenarnya Allah berbuat untuk memberi manfaat kepada pihak lain. Mu’tazilah seringkali berusaha secara serius menafsirkan kejelekan-kejelekan yang nampak di dunia ini, dan mengembalikannya kepada kebaikan-kebaikan, tetapi mereka tidak bisa memberikan argumentasi yang memuaskan secara rasional, dan mereka mengakui bahwa mereka tidak mengklaim menguasai semua tujuan Allah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Kedua, mereka berpendapat bahwa segala sesuatu dan segala perbuatan mempunyai nilai instrik, sehingga di dalam perbuatan-perbuatan baik, seperti keadilan dan kejujuran, terdapat sifat-sifat tertentu yang menjadikannya baik, disamping di dalam perbuatan-perbuatan jelek, seperti zalim dan dusta, terdapat sifat-sifat yang menjadikannya jelek. Akal dapat mengetahui sifat-sifat baik dan buruk tersebut, sehingga akal bisa menentukan bahwa yang baik adalah baik dan yang jelek adalah jelek. Lalu bagaimana dengan wahyu atau syari’at? Bagi Mu’tazilah syari’at dalam penentuan baik dan buruk sebenarnya tidak lebih hanya sekedar konfirmasi, maksudnya wahyu atau syari’at berfungsi sebagai penguat dan pembenaran (melegitimasi) terhadap perbuatan baik dan buruk yang diketahui oleh akal, karena baik dan buruk itu bersifat rasional dan akal bisa mengetahuinya sebelum adanya syari’at.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Variasi menarik seputar tema ”penciptaan” (generation) berhasil dicetuskan oleh salah seorang teolog Mu’tazilah yang terampil, Ibrahim Ibn Sayyar Ibn Hani al-Nazhzham (w. 845 M). Dialah pelopor teori hukum alam (tabi’i) yang menegaskan bahwa tindakan-tindakan manusia, sebagaimana semua kejadian alamiah, merupakan bentuk-bentuk gerak. Seperti halnya kejadian alam, gerak juga dibuat Tuhan melalui hukum “keniscayaan alam.” Menurut al-Nazhzham, Tuhanlah yang menciptakan segala sesuatu secara bersamaan, kemudian Tuhan menganugerahkan sejumlah kekuatan atau kemampuan khas yang tersembunyi di balik kekuatan atau kemampuan lainnya yang lebih universal sampai saatnya ada kesiapan untuk tertampakkan dalam tindakan-tindakan manusia maupun kejadian-kejadian fisik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Teori ketersembunyian dan ketertampakan (<i>kumûn wa zhuhûr</i>) ini adalah teori untuk memelihara gagasan ganda kebebasan berkehendak manusia dan keefektifan hukum alam, tanpa mengganggu hak prerogatif Allah sebagai pelaku utama dan pertama di alam raya. Namun, yang pasti bahwa paham Mu’tazilah sepakat tentang dua prinsip utama dalam persoalan kehendak bebas. Pertama, setiap individu bebas atau berkemampuan memilih. Kedua, setiap individu berkemampuan mewujudkan semua kehendak yang dipilihnya secara bebas.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Analisis Kontemporer yang menarik disampaikan Husain Muruwwa (w. 1987) bahwa wacana teologis (‘ilm kalam) dimulai dengan pertanyaan tentang takdir sebagai bentuk tranformasi intelektual yang diakibatkan oleh akumulasi ketidakpuasan sosial di kalangan kelompok-kelompok kecil, klan non Arab, kaum pekerja, komunitas budak yang bekerja di pertanian atau jasa publik, sedikit tuan tanah, dan beragam kelompok miskin di kota-kota. Jika ketidakpuasan sosial kelompok rendah diungkapkan melalui revolusi militer oleh perjuangan kelas rendah, maka kaum intelektual mengekspresikannya dalam bentuk gagasan teologis dengan memprotes hegemoni absolut Bani Umayyah dalam bidang politik, ekonomi serta ideologi deterministiknya, maka Mu’tazilah mengajarkan bahwa manusia memiliki kehendak bebas dan takdirnya tidak ditentukan sebelumnya. Mu’tazilah adalah gerakan intelektual yang membangun suatu sistem keterpaduan teologi yang merefleksikan seluruh perhatiannya pada fenomena-fenomena sosial yang terjadi di masyarakat.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><span style="">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Asy’ariyah</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Paham Asy’ariyah—aliran ini tumbuh pada tahun-tahun pertama abad ke-4 H—menolak kehendak bebas dan kehendak berbuat (<i>free wil and free actrl</i>) yang diusung oleh Mu’tazilah bahwa individu, sebagai pelaku bebas, merupakan pencipta perbuatan-perbuatannya sendiri. Menurut al-Asy’ari (w. 324 H/935 M)—pendiri dan tokoh pertama aliran Asy’ariyah—semua perbuatan-perbuatan manusia, baik dan buruk, diciptakan oleh Allah. Paham Asy’ariyah berusaha memadukan dan menawarkan jalan tengah antara paham Jabariyah dan Mu’tazilah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dalam karyanya <i>al-Ibân</i>ah, al-Asy’ari menyatakan bahwa:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><span style="">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Tuhan menciptakan segala sesuatu sesuai dengan kehendak-Nya, sebagaimana firman-Nya:</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 36pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¯</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">%</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">´</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">Œ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">Š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">A</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">¯</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">¼</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">É</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 81.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.1pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya<i>: Sesungguhnya Perkataan Kami terhadap sesuatu apabila Kami menghendakinya, Kami hanya mengatakan kepadanya: "kun (jadilah)", Maka jadilah ia. </i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">(QS. Al-Nahl/16: 40)<i>.</i></span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><span style="">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Tidak ada kebaikan ataupun keburukan, kecuali yang dikehendaki-Nya, tak seorang pun bertindak tanpa bantuan dan pengetahuan-nya. Segala bentuk perbuatan manusia telah diciptakan dan ditentukan takdirnya oleh Allah. Al-Asy’ari mengutip firman Allah:</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 18pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">ª</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">{</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ò</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya: <i>Padahal Allah-lah yang menciptakan kamu dan apa yang kamu perbuat itu</i>".</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">(QS. Al-Shaffat/37: 96).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Al-Asy’ari selanjutnya mengatakan bahwa yang namanya hamba tidak dapat menciptakan apa-apa, bahkan diri mereka pun merupakan ciptaan Tuhan. Kebaikan dan keburukan merupakan keputusan dan ketetapan Tuhan (Qadha dan Qadar).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Jika Allah SWT pencipta semua perbuatan, lantas apa yang tersisa untuk manusia dalam kehendaknya? Al-Asy’ari menjawab bahwa manusia mempunyai <i>kasb</i> (<i>acquisation</i>/perolehan) dan ikhtiar. <i>Kasb</i> mengandung arti keaktifan manusia berbuat. <i>Kasb</i> berarti semata-mata hubungan <i>qudrat</i> dan kehendak manusia dengan perbuatan, sedangkan perbuatan ini merupakan ciptaan Allah, karena <i>qudrat</i> kita sama sekali tidak bisa berpengaruh kepada yang dikodratinya, karena ia (<i>kasb</i>) sendiri adalah makhluk Tuhan. Dengan demikian manusia harus bertanggung jawab atas setiap perbuatan yang dilakukannya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Teori <i>kasb</i> ini sebagai bentuk untuk menyelamatkan tanggung jawab manusia dan kekuasaan mutlak Tuhan. Artinya Allah menciptakan perbuatan-perbuatan manusia dan manusia memperoleh perbuatan-perbuatan itu, sehingga ia bertanggung jawab atas perbuatan-perbuatan tersebut. Teori kasb adalah upaya rasional untuk menyerasikan tuntutan rasional mengenai kehendak bebas manusia dan ajaran tradisional mengenai takdir, baik yang berasal dari kitab suci maupun dari mentalitas manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">
<br /> </span> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Simpulan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Allah sebagai Pencipta alam semesta dan Penguasa hari pembalasan, mengatasi segala apa yang ada. Ia adalah wujud yang mempunyai kehendak dan kekuasaan yang tidak terbatas di samping memiliki keadilan.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Mausia sebagai makhluk ciptan Allah mendapat kemuliaan untuk menjadi khalifahnya di muka bumi ini, pemikul amanah yang akan dimintai pertanggung jawaban di hadapan mahkamah agung. Allah memberikan akal untuk memahami wahyu yang diturunkan-Nya melalui rasul-rasul-Nya, di samping hak kebebasan dan hak memiliki sesuai dengan taklif yangmenjadi tanggung jawabnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Namun dalam sejarah perkembangan ilmu kalam, terdapat perbedaan-perbedaan konsep tentang kekuasaan dan kehendak mutlak Tuhan. Hal ini didasari oleh perbedaan pemahaman terhadap kekuatan akal, fungsi wahyu, kebebasan serta kekuasaan manusia di hadapan Tuhan yang Maha Berkehendak.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Menurut golongan Asy’ariyah Tuhan mempunyai kehendak dan kekuasaan mutlak. Segala sesuatu, apakah kebaikan atau kejahatan menurut kehendak Tuhan. Tidak seorang pun yang sanggup berbuat sesuatu, kalau tidak dengan kehendak Allah. Kita lemah dan tidak sanggup keluar dari ilmu Allah. Allah adalah satu-satunya pencipta. Perbuatan manusia pun adalah ciptaannya. Sesuai dengan firman Allah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">ª</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">{</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ò</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Artinya<i>: Padahal Allah-lah yang menciptakan kamu dan apa yang kamu perbuat itu".(as-shaffat:96)<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Dari keterangan di atas, jelas bahwa Asy’ari menghubungkan antara ilmu Tuhan dengan kehendak-Nya untuk menolak pendapat yang menyatakan bahwa kehendak-Nya menyalahi apa yang diketahui dan sekaligus menetapkan bahwa Tuhan sesungguhnya menghendaki terjadinya apa yang diketahui, sebagai mana yang telah Dia ketahui.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Al-Ghazali, seorang tokoh aliran Asy’ariyah mengemukakan bahwa Allah Maha Kuasa atas segala sesuatu. Kekuasaan dan kehendak-Nya adalah mutlak. Oleh sebab itu, tak ada satu pun yang merupakan kewajiban bagi-Nya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Problematika kebebasan kehendak manusia yang berujung pada kebebasan berpikir benar-benar mempunyai kedudukan khusus dalam sejarah pemikiran Islam, bahkan dianggap sebagai problematika rasional paling tinggi yang pernah ada dalam sejarah Islam, menghambat kemajuan dan perkembangan kaum Muslimin. Di sekitarnya bermunculan berbagai pertanyaan, yang karenanya banyak menimbulkan perdebatan dan melahirkan banyak aliran pemikir yang spesifik atas namanya. Dengan berlalunya zaman, aliran-aliran ini masih tetap beraneka ragam dan banyak jumlahnya. Dalam topik kehendak bebas ini mereka sampai pada kesimpulan untuk memadukan antara rasio dan wahyu<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Paham Asy’ariyah menolak kehendak bebas dan kehendak berbuat (<i>free wil and free actrl</i>) yang diusung oleh Mu’tazilah bahwa individu, sebagai pelaku bebas, merupakan pencipta perbuatan-perbuatannya sendiri. Menurut Al-Asy’ari –pemuka golongan Asy;ariyah- semua perbuatan-perbuatan manusia, baik dan buruk, diciptakan oleh Allah. Paham Asy’ariyah berusaha memadukan dan menawarkan jalan tengah antara paham Jabariyah dan Mu’tazilah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Al-Asy’ari selanjutnya mengatakan bahwa yang namanya hamba tidak dapat menciptakan apa-apa, bahkan diri mereka pun merupakan ciptaan Tuhan. Kebaikan dan keburukan merupakan keputusan dan ketetapan Tuhan (Qadha dan Qadar).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Jika Allah SWT pencipta semua perbuatan, lantas apa yang tersisa untuk manusia dalam kehendaknya? Al-Asy’ari menjawab bahwa manusia mempunyai <i>kasb</i> (<i>acquisation</i>/perolehan) dan ikhtiar. <i>Kasb</i> mengandung arti keaktifan manusia berbuat. <i>Kasb</i> berarti semata-mata hubungan <i>qudrat</i> dan kehendak manusia dengan perbuatan, sedangkan perbuatan ini merupakan ciptaan Allah, karena <i>qudrat</i> kita sama sekali tidak bisa berpengaruh kepada yang dikodratinya, karena ia (<i>kasb</i>) sendiri adalah makhluk Tuhan. Dengan demikian manusia harus bertanggung jawab atas setiap perbuatan yang dilakukannya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "(normal text)","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr align="left" width="33%" size="1"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: normal;"><a style="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"> H.M. Amin Nurdin dan Afifi fauzi, <i>Sejarah Pemikiran Dalam Islam</i>, (Jakarta: PT.Pustaka antara, 1996), Hlm.92.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: normal;"><a style="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"> Harun Nasution, <i>Teologi islam, Aliran-aliran Sejarah, Perbandingan</i>, (Jakarta: UI Press, 1983), Hlm.119.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34pt; line-height: 150%;"><a style="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI">Ghailan adalah seorang orator yang fasih, juru debat yang mahir dan ulung. Ayahnya pernah menjadi budak Utsman bin Affan, karenanya ia mempunyai hubungan dengan pendahulu Bani Umayyah, tetapi hal ini tidak menghalanginya untuk menentang pemerintah Umayyah, yang menurutnya dalam memerintah melakukan kezaliman dan kejahatan</span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="SV-FI"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="" lang="SV-FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </div> </div> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-60127117774192714772010-01-08T01:01:00.000-08:002010-01-08T01:18:02.908-08:00kajian pustaka<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cnettar%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C03%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City" downloadurl="http://www.5iamas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place" downloadurl="http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; 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text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="DA" style="color:black;">Kajian pustaka merupakan daftar referensi dari semua jenis referensi seperti buku, <i style="">jurnal papers</i>, artikel, disertasi, tesis, skripsi, <i style="">hand outs</i>, <i style="">laboratory manuals, </i>dan karya ilmiah lainnya yang dikutip di dalam penulisan proposal. Semua referensi yang tertulis dalam kajian pustaka harus dirujuk di dalam skripsi. Referensi ditulis urut menurut abjad huruf awal dari nama akhir/keluarga penulis pertama dan tahun penerbitan (</span><span style="" lang="DA">yang terbaru ditulis lebih dahulu)<span style="color:black;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="DA" style="color:black;">Dalam</span><span lang="DA"> </span>Penelitian biasanya diawali dengan ide-ide atau gagasan dan konsep-konsep yang dihubungkan satu sama lain melalui hipotesis tentang hubungan yang diharapkan. Ide-ide dan konsep-konsep untuk penelitian dapat bersumber dari gagasan peneliti sendiri dan dapat juga bersumber dari sejumlah kumpulan pengetahuan hasil kerja sebelumnya yang kita kenal juga sebagai literatur atau pustaka. Literatur atau bahan pustaka ini kemudian kita jadikan sebagai referensi atau landasan teoritis dalam penelitian.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian biasanya diawali dengan ide-ide atau gagasan dan konsep-konsep yang dihubungkan satu sama lain melalui hipotesis tentang hubungan yang diharapkan. Ide-ide dan konsep-konsep untuk penelitian dapat bersumber dari gagasan peneliti sendiri dan dapat juga bersumber dari sejumlah kumpulan pengetahuan hasil kerja sebelumnya yang kita kenal juga sebagai literatur atau pustaka. Literatur atau bahan pustaka ini kemudian kita jadikan sebagai referensi atau landasan teoritis dalam penelitian.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Kajian pustaka: menjelaskan laporan tentang apa yang telah ditemukan oleh peneliti lain atau membahas masalah penelitian. Kajian penting yang berkaitan dengan masalah biasanya dibahas sebagai subtopik yang lebih rinci agar lebih mudah dibaca. Bagian yang kurang penting biasanya dibahas secara singkat. Bila ada beberapa hasil penelitian yang mirip dengan masalah penelitian, maka dapat dituliskan: ”Beberapa penelitian juga telah dilaporkan dengan hasil yang hampir sama (Adam, 1976;Brown, 1980; Cartwright, 1981; Davis, 1985; Frost, 1987)”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Kajian pustaka adalah kegiatan yang meliputi mencari, membaca, dan menelaah laporan-laporan penelitian dan bahan pustaka yang memuat teori-teori yang relevan dengan penelitian yang akan dilakukan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="">B.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><b style="">Kriteria Pemilihan Sumber Pustaka<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria pemilihan sumber pustaka mencakup:</p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Ketetapan (adequa-cy)
<br />Isi dari sumber pustaka sesuai dengan penelitian yang dilaksanakan.</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Kejelasan (clarity)
<br />Sumber pustaka harus mudah dipahami atau dimengerti oleh peneliti.</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Empiris (empericalness)
<br />Sumber pustaka itu berdasarkan pada kenyataan bukan hasil imajinasi.</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Terorganisasi (Organization)
<br />Isi dari sumber pustaka harus terorganisasi dengan baik sehingga memudahkan peneliti untuk mencari informasi.</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Kemutakhiran (Recen-cy)
<br />Sumber pustaka harus berdasarkan perkembangan terbaru dalam bidangnya (up to date).</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Relevansi (relevance)
<br />Sumber pustaka berhubungan dengan penelitian.</span></p> <p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Meyakinkan (convic-ingness)
<br />Sumber pustaka dapat menjadi acuan yang terpercaya bagi peneliti.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan penggunaan acuan diatas yaitu: sumber acuan umum dan khusus, penelitian dapat melakukan dua penelaahan atau analisis dalam mengambarkan kajian pustaka yang berkaitan. Penalaran deduktif dilakuakn berdasarkan teri-teri atau konsep-konsep umum yang ada dan penalaran induktif dilakukan berdasarkan sintesis atau pemaduan hasil-hasil penelitian.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara garis besar sumber bacaan ini dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Referensi umum: sumber yang dijadikan rujukan utama oleh peneliti, misalnya dari artikel tertentu, karangan ilmiah, buku, dan dokumen lainnya yang berkaitan langsung dengan pertanyaan penelitian. Referensi umum merupakan indeks, yaitu daftar pengarang, judul buku, tempat penerbitan artikel atau wacana atau berupa abstrak.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Sumber primer: adalah publikasi di mana seseorang melakukan penelitian penelitian kemudian diterbitkan. Penulis mengkomunikasikan temuannya secara langsung kepada pembaca. Sumber primer penelitian pendidikan adalah journal, misalnya Journal of Research in Science Teaching. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Ada</st1:city></st1:place> journal yang diterbitkan bulanan, tiga kali dalam setahun, dan artikel yang dimuat merupakan laporan hasil penelitian.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Sumber sekunder: adalah publikasi di mana penulis mendeskripsikan hasil karya orang lain. Sumber sekunder adalah buku (text books), ensiklopedia pendidikan, kajian penelitian, atau buku tahunan</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">C.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><b style="">Cara Melakukan Penelusuran Pustaka
<br /></b>Penelusuran pustaka meliputi:
<br />1. Memilih bidang dan deskriptor yang sesuai dengan minat,
<br />2. Menelusur judul-judul dan abstrak yang relevan,
<br />3. Menempatkan dokumen sumber-sumber primer yang sangat penting.
<br />Penelusuran literatur atau pustaka memerlukan suatu arahan dan fokus. Langkah pertama adalah mengidentifikasi bidang kajian yang sesuai dan sekaligus termasuk deskriptornya. Langkah berikutnya adalah menelusur judul-judul dan abstrak yang relevan. Penelusuran yang baik mencakup tiga kategori dokumen, yaitu:
<br />1. Artikel-artikel yang diterbitkan,
<br />2. Artikel-artikel yang tidak diterbitkan,
<br />3. Disertasi atau tesis.
<br />Diantara tiga dokumen penting yaitu artikel-artikel jurnal, disertasi atau tesis, dan laporan tak dipublikasikan (laporan penelitian), artikel-artikel jurnal adalah paling ringkas dan secara teknis paling baik karena adanya tuntutan yang amat tinggi dari jurnal yang akan diterbitkan. Dalam mengkaji bahan pustaka kita dapat melakukan dengan cara mengidentifikasi sumber atau bahan yang relevan dengan masalah penelitian, mencari judul-judul hasil penelitian yang relevan, memilih dan memilah sumber pustaka yang paling relevan dari hasil penelitian, menyusun bahan pustaka mana yang paling sesuai untuk mendukung penelitian, menuliskan bagian kajian literatur, dan menyusun bahan acuan</span></p> <span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >
<br /></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16pt;"><a href="http://www.rosyid.info/2009/09/menyajikan-hasil-tinjauan"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">http://www.rosyid.info/2009/09/menyajikan-hasil-tinjauan</span></a> pustaka-dalam.html<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" ><a href="http://one.indoskripsi.com/node/5790"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">http://one.indoskripsi.com/node/5790</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16pt;"><a href="http://catatankuliahdigital.blogspot.com/2009/10/kajian"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">http://catatankuliahdigital.blogspot.com/2009/10/kajian</span></a> pustaka.html<o:p></o:p></span></p> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-53081400791361608102010-01-08T00:56:00.000-08:002010-01-08T01:00:28.777-08:00ANALISIS DATA<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l0:level2 {mso-level-start-at:3; mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:-; mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l1 {mso-list-id:313680801; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-992313982 67698709 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l1:level1 {mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l2 {mso-list-id:1746149112; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:2046333210 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l2:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" >Analisis Data<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Analisis data</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata analysis berasal dari bahasa Greek (Yunani), terdiri dari kata “ana” dan “lysis“. Ana artinya atas (above), lysis artinya memecahkan atau menghancurkan. Secara difinitif ialah: ”Analysis is a process of resolving data into its constituent components to reveal its characteristic elements and structure” Ian Dey (1995: 30). Agar data bisa dianalis maka data tersebut harus dipecah dahulu menjadi bagian-bagian kecil (menurut element atau struktur), kemudian mengaduknya bersama untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang baru</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisa data merupakan proses paling vital dalam sebuah penelitian. Hal ini berdasarkan argumentasi bahwa dalam analisa inilah data yang diperoleh peneliti bisa diterjemahkan menjadi hasil yang sesuai dengan kaidah ilmiah. Maka dari itu, perlu kerja keras, daya kreatifitas dan kemampuan intelektual yang tinggi agar mendapat hasil yang memuaskan. Analisis data berasal<span style=""> </span>dari hasil pengumpulan data. Sebab data yang telah terkumpul, bila tidak dianalisis hanya menjadi barang yang tidak bermakna,<span style=""> </span>tidak berarti, menjadi data yang mati, data yang tidak berbunyi. Oleh<span style=""> </span>karena itu, analisis data di sini berfungsi untuk mamberi arti, makna dan nilai yang terkandung dalam data itu (M. Kasiram, 2006: 274).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color:black;">Menurut Patton, 1980 (dalam Lexy J. Moleong 2002: 103) menjelaskan bahwa analisis data adalah proses mengatur urutan data, mengorganisasikanya ke dalam suatu pola, kategori, dan satuan uraian dasar. Sedangkan menurut <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Taylor</st1:city></st1:place>, (1975: 79) mendefinisikan analisis data sebagai proses yang merinci usaha secara formal untuk menemukan tema dan merumuskan hipotesis (ide) seperti yang disarankan dan sebagai usaha untuk memberikan bantuan dan tema pada hipotesis. Jika dikaji, pada dasarnya definisi pertama lebih menitikberatkan pengorganisasian data sedangkan yang ke dua lebih menekankan maksud dan tujuan analisis data. Dengan demikian definisi tersebut dapat disintesiskan menjadi: Analisis data proses mengorganisasikan dan mengurutkan data ke dalam pola, kategori dan satuan uraian dasar sehingga dapat ditemukan tema dan dapat dirumuskan hipotesis kerja seperti yang didasarkan oleh data<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color:black;">Proses analisis data dimulai dengan menelah seluruh data yang tersedia dari berbagai sumber, yaitu wawancara, pengamatan, yang sudah ditulis dalam catatan lapangan, dokumen pribadi, dokumen resmi, gambar foto, dan sebagainya</span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-jenis analisis data</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-jenis analisis data ini terbagi pada dua bagian, yaitu, data kualitatif dan data kuantitatif.</p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Data kualitatif</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color:black;">Analisis kualitatif adalah aktivitas intensive yang memerlukan pengertian yang mendalam, kecerdikan, kreativitas, kepekaan konseptual, dan pekerjaan berat. Analisa kualitatif tidak berproses dalam suatu pertunjukan linier dan lebih sulit dan kompleks dibanding analisis kuantitatif sebab tidak diformulasi dan distandardisasi</span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Data kuantitatif</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Munculnya aliran filsafat positivisme ini dipelopori oleh seorang filsuf yang bernama August Comte (1798 – 1875). Comte jugalah yang menciptakan istilah ”sosiologi” sebagai disiplin ilmu yang mengkaji masyarakat secara ilmiah. Mulai abad 20-an sampai dengan saat ini, aliran positivisme mampu mendominasi wacana ilmu pengetahuan. Aliran ini menetapkan kriteria-kriteria yang harus dipenuhi oleh ilmu-ilmu manusia maupun alam untuk dapat disebut sebagai ilmu pengetahuan yang benar, yaitu berdasarkan kriteria-kriteria eksplanatoris dan prediktif. Untuk dapat memenuhi kriteria-kriteria dimaksud, maka semua ilmu harus mempunyai pandangan dunia positivistik, yaitu : 1) Objektif. Teori-teori tentang semesta haruslah bebas nilai; 2) Fenomenalisme. Ilmu pengetahuan hanya bicara tentang semesta yang teramati. Substansi metafisis yang diandaikan berada di belakang gejala-gejala penampakan disingkirkan; 3) Reduksionisme. Semesta direduksi menjadi fakta-fakta keras yang dapat diamati; dan 4) Naturalisme. Alam semesta adalah obyek-obyek yang bergerak secara mekanis seperti bekerjanya jam (Burhan Bungis: 2005; 31-32)</p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan analisis data kualitatif dan kuantitatif</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Kebutuhan pemahaman yang benar dalam menggunakan pendekatan, metode ataupun teknik untuk melakukan penelitian merupakan hal yang penting agar dapat dicapai hasil yang akurat dan sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian yang sudah ditentukan sebelumnya. Perbedaan pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif yaitu:
<br /><b>1. Konsep yang berhubungan dengan pendekatan</b>
<br />Pendekatan kualitatif menekankan pada makna, penalaran, definisi suatu situasi tertentu (dalam konteks tertentu), lebih banyak meneliti hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari. Pendekatan kualitatif, lebih lanjut, mementingkan pada proses dibandingkan dengan hasil akhir; oleh karena itu urut-urutan kegiatan dapat berubah-ubah tergantung pada kondisi dan banyaknya gejala-gejala yang ditemukan. Tujuan penelitian biasanya berkaitan dengan hal-hal yang bersifat praktis.
<br />Pendekatan kuantitatif mementingkan adanya variabel-variabel sebagai obyek penelitian dan variabel-variabel tersebut harus didefenisikan dalam bentuk operasionalisasi variable masing-masing. Reliabilitas dan validitas merupakan syarat mutlak yang harus dipenuhi dalam menggunakan pendekatan ini karena kedua elemen tersebut akan menentukan kualitas hasil penelitian dan kemampuan replikasi serta generalisasi penggunaan model penelitian sejenis. Selanjutnya, penelitian kuantitatif memerlukan adanya hipotesa dan pengujiannya yang kemudian akan menentukan tahapan-tahapan berikutnya, seperti penentuan teknik analisa dan formula statistik yang akan digunakan. Juga, pendekatan ini lebih memberikan makna dalam hubungannya dengan penafsiran angka statistik bukan makna secara kebahasaan dan kulturalnya.
<br /><b>2. Dasar Teori</b>
<br />Jika kita menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, maka dasar teori sebagai pijakan ialah adanya interaksi simbolik dari suatu gejala dengan gejala lain yang ditafsir berdasarkan pada budaya yang bersangkutan dengan cara mencari makna semantis universal dari gejala yang sedang diteliti. Pada mulanya teori-teori kualitatif muncul dari penelitian-penelitian antropologi , etnologi, serta aliran fenomenologi dan aliran idealisme. Karena teori-teori ini bersifat umum dan terbuka maka ilmu social lainnya mengadopsi sebagai sarana penelitiannya.
<br />Lain halnya dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, pendekatan ini berpijak pada apa yang disebut dengan fungsionalisme struktural, realisme, positivisme, behaviourisme dan empirisme yang intinya menekankan pada hal-hal yang bersifat kongkrit, uji empiris dan fakta-fakta yang nyata.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>3. Tujuan</b>
<br />Tujuan utama penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif ialah mengembangkan pengertian, konsep-konsep, yang pada akhirnya menjadi teori, tahap ini dikenal sebagai “grounded theory research”.
<br />Sebaliknya pendekatan kuantitatif bertujuan untuk menguji teori, membangun fakta, menunjukkan hubungan antar variable, memberikan deskripsi statistik, menaksir dan meramalkan hasilnya.
<br /><b>4. Desain</b>
<br />Melihat sifatnya, pendekatan kualitatif desainnya bersifat umum, dan berubah-ubah / berkembang sesuai dengan situasi di lapangan. Kesimpulannya, desain hanya digunakan sebagai asumsi untuk melakukan penelitan, oleh karena itu desain harus bersifat fleksibel dan terbuka.
<br />Lain halnya dengan desain penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, desainnya harus terstruktur, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">baku</st1:city></st1:place>, formal dan dirancang sematang mungkin sebelumnya. Desainnya bersifat spesifik dan detil karena desain merupakan suatu rancangan penelitian yang akan dilaksanakan sebenarnya. Oleh karena itu, jika desainnya salah, hasilnya akan menyesatkan. Contoh desain kuantitatif: ex post facto dan desain experimental yang mencakup diantaranya one short case study, one group pretest, posttest design, Solomon four group design dll.nya.
<br /><b>5. Data</b>
<br />Pada pendekatan kualitatif, data bersifat deskriptif, maksudnya data dapat berupa gejala-gejala yang dikategorikan ataupun dalam bentuk lainnya, seperti foto, dokumen, artefak dan catatan-catatan lapangan pada jsaat penelitian dilakukan.
<br />Sebaliknya penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif datanya bersifat kuantitatif / angka-angka statistik ataupun koding-koding yang dapat dikuantifikasi. Data tersebut berbentuk variable-variajbel dan operasionalisasinya dengan skala ukuran tertentu, misalnya skala nominal, ordinal, interval dan ratio.
<br /><b>6. Sampel</b>
<br />Sampel kecil merupakan ciri pendekatan kualitatif karena pada pendekatan kualitatif penekanan pemilihan sample didasarkan pada kualitasnya bukan jumlahnya. Oleh karena itu, ketepatan dalam memilih sample merupakan salah satu kunci keberhasilan utama untuk menghasilkan penelitian yang baik. Sampel juga dipandang sebagai sample teoritis dan tidak representatif
<br />Sedang pada pendekatan kuantitatif, jumlah sample besar, karena aturan statistik mengatakan bahwa semakin sample besar akan semakin merepresentasikan kondisi riil. Karena pada umumnya pendekatan kuantitatif membutuhkan sample yang besar, maka stratafikasi sample diperlukan . Sampel biasanya diseleksi secara random. Dalam melakukan penelitian, bila perlu diadakan kelompok pengontrol untuk pembanding sample yang sedang diteliti. Ciri lain ialah penentuan jenis variable yang akan diteliti, contoh, penentuan variable yang mana yang ditentukan sebagai variable bebas, variable tergantung, varaibel moderat, variable antara, dan varaibel kontrol. Hal ini dilakukan agar peneliti dapat melakukan pengontrolan terhadap variable pengganggu.
<br /><b>7. Teknik</b>
<br />Jika peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, maka yang bersangkutan <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">kan</st1:state></st1:place> menggunakan teknik observasi terlibat langsung atau riset partisipatori, seperti yang dilakukan oleh para peneliti bidang antropologi dan etnologi sehingga peneliti terlibat langsung atau berbaur dengan yang diteliti. Dalam praktiknya, peneliti akan melakukan review terhadap berbagai dokumen, foto-foto dan artefak yang ada. Interview yang digunakan ialah interview terbuka, terstruktur atau tidak terstruktur dan tertutup terstruktur atau tidak terstruktur.
<br />Jika pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan maka teknik yang dipakai akan berbentuk observasi terstruktur, survei dengan menggunakan kuesioner, eksperimen dan eksperimen semu. Dalam mencari data, biasanya peneliti menggunakan kuesioner tertulis atau dibacakan. Teknik mengacu pada tujuan penelitian dan jenis data yang diperlukan apakah itu data primer atau sekunder.
<br /><b>8. Hubungan dengan yang diteliti</b>
<br />Dalam penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, peneliti tidak mengambil jarak dengan yang diteliti. Hubungan yang dibangun didasarkan pada saling kepercayaan. Dalam praktiknya, peneliti melakukan hubungan dengan yang diteliti secara intensif. Apabila sample itu manusia, maka yang menjadi responden diperlakukan sebagai partner bukan obyek penelitian.
<br />Dalam penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif peneliti mengambil jarak dengan yang diteliti. Hubungan ini seperti hubungan antara subyek dan obyek. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan tingkat objektivitas yang tinggi. Pada umumnya penelitiannya berjangka waktu pendek.
<br /><b>9. Analisa Data</b>
<br />Analisa data dalam penelitian kualitatif bersifat induktif dan berkelanjutan yang tujuan akhirnya menghasilkan pengertian-pengertian, konsep-konsep dan pembangunan suatu teori baru, contoh dari model analisa kualitatif ialah analisa domain, analisa taksonomi, analisa komponensial, analisa tema kultural, dan analisa komparasi konstan (grounded theory research).
<br />Analisa dalam penelitian kuantitatif bersifat deduktif, uji empiris teori yang dipakai dan dilakukan setelah selesai pengumpulan data secara tuntas dengan menggunakan sarana statistik, seperti korelasi, uji t, analisa varian dan covarian, analisa faktor, regresi linear dll.nya.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" >Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Kadiman, Kusmayanto. [2007] . Riset Dasar: Masih Bermanfaat atau Tidak?. Diakses pada 22 Nopember 2008; 00:49. dari <a href="http://netsains.com/2007/09/riset-dasar-masih-bermanfaat-atau-tidak/">http://netsains.com/2007/09/riset-dasar-masih-bermanfaat-atau-tidak/</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Penelitian / Riset. Diakses pada 22 Nopember 2008; 00:34. dari <a href="http://skripsimahasiswa.blogspot.com/2008/10/metode-ilmiah.html">http://skripsimahasiswa.blogspot.com/2008/10/metode-ilmiah.html</a>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><a href="http://rahmiwati.net/analisis-data-kualitatif.html">http://rahmiwati.net/analisis-data-kualitatif.html</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">http://ardhana12.wordpress.com/2008/02/08/teknik-analisis-data-dalam-penelitian/</span></p> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-77240888421734961512010-01-08T00:48:00.000-08:002010-01-08T00:52:39.716-08:00anggapan dasar n hipotesis<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style="">Pengertian Anggapan Dasar dan Hipotesis<o:p></o:p></b></li></ol> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style="">Pengertian Anggapan Dasar<o:p></o:p></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Prof. Dr. Winanto surakhamd M.Sc.Ed. anggapan dasar atau postulat adalah sebuah titik tolak pemikiran yang kebenarannya diterima oleh penyelidik. Setiap penyelidik dapat merumuskan postulat yang berbeda. Seorang penyelidik mungkin meragukan sesuatu anggapan dasar orang lain diterima sebagai kebenaran. Dari contoh kehidupan sehari-hari orang yang berkata bahwa orang yang banyak makan akan menjadi gemuk. Yang ada dibalik ucapan itu adalah suatu anggapan bahwa semua yang dimakan orang tentu dapat dicerna, kemudian berubah menjadi otot dan lemak. Inilah sebabnya maka orang menjadi gemuk.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi anggapan dasar adalah sesuatu yang diyakini kebenarannya oleh peneliti yang akan berfungsi sebagai hal yang digunakan untuk tempat berpijak bagi peneliti di dalam melaksanakan penelitiannya dalam pembuatan anggapan dasar yang harus diperhatikan adalah:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Membaca buku</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Mendengarkan berita</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Berkunjung ke tempat obyek penelitian</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Dengan mengadakan abstraksi.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Manfaat dalam pembuatan anggapan dasar adalah</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">ada pijakan berfikir yang kokoh</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">untuk mempertegas variable</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">guna menentukan dan merumuskan hipotesis </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Pengertian Hipotesis.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Secara etimologi, hipotesis berasal dari dua suku kata yaitu ‘hypo” yang berarti <i>lemah</i> dan “thesis” yang berarti <i>pernyataan</i>. Hipotesis berarti sebuah pernyataan yang lemah, atau kesimpulan yang belum final, masih harus diuji atau dibuktikan kebenarannya. Menurut Kerlinger (2004:30) hipotesis adalah pernyataan dugaan tentang hubungan antara dua variabel atau lebih.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Menurut Donal Ary, <i>et. al</i> (1985:76) ada dua alasan yang mendasarinya, yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Hipotesis yang baik menunjukan bahwa peneliti memiliki ilmu pengetahuan yang cukup dalam kaitannya dengan permasalahan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Dengan hipotesis dapat memberikan arah dan petunjuk tentang pengambilan data dan proses interprestasinya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Good dan scates (1954) menyatakan bahwa hipotesis adalah sebuah taksiran atau referensi yang dirumuskan serta diterima untuk sementara yang dapat menerangkan fakta-fakta yang diamati ataupun kondisi-kondisi yang diamati dan digunakan sebagai petunjuk untuk langkah-langkah selanjutnya.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Hipotesis, secara sederhana merupakan dugaan sementara yang diharapkan terjadi dalam penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="">B.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><b style="">Kegunaan Hipotesis<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>Kegunaan hipotesis antara lain <a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis memberikan penjelasan sementara tentang gejala-gejala serta memudahkan perluasan pengetahuan dalam suatu bidang.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis memberikan suatu pernyataan hubungan yang langsung dapat diuji dalam penelitian.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis memberikan arah kepada penelitian.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis memberikan kerangka untuk melaporkan kesimpulan penyelidikan</span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>Jenis-Jenis Hipotesis<o:p></o:p></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipotesis dapat dibedakan berdasarkan penempatannya dan berdasarkan rumusannya. Adapun jenis-jenis hipotesis dijelaskan berikut ini.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><b>Berdasarkan Penempatannya<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan penempatan atau posisinya, hipotesis dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu hipotesis penelitian dan hipotesis statistik. Kedua hipotesis tersebut diuraikan sebagai berikut: </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -72pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis Penelitian</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>Hipotesis penelitian biasanya ditempatkan pada bab kedua atau studi kepustakaan setelah kajian teori yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk kalimat. Hipotesis penelitian pada umumnya sama banyaknya dengan perumusan masalah penelitian yang telah ditetapkan, karena hipotesis ini sifatnya hanya sebagai jawaban sementara terhadap rumusan masalah. Misalnya, Terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara motivasi berprestasi dengan hasil belajar matematika siswa.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis Statistik</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Hipotesis statistik biasanya ditempatkan pada bagian akhir bab ketiga atau bab yang berkaitan dengan analisis data. Hipotesis ini dinyatakan dalam bentuk simbol statistik. Hipotesis statistik hanya bekerja dengan menggunakan sebagian data yang diambil dari populasi atau data sampel. Apabila penelitian dilakukan terhadap keseluruhan anggota populasi maka tidak perlu ada hipotesis statistik. Hipotesis statistik bertujuan untuk menguji hipotesis penelitian dengan menggunkan data yang diambil sebagian dari populasi atau data sampel yang hasilnya diberlakukan pada populasi.<sub><o:p></o:p></sub></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >b. Berdasarkan Rumusannya<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Berdasarkan rumusan dalam suatu penelitian, hipotesis dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu hipotesis nol (<i>null hypotheses</i>) dan hipotesis kerja (<i>alternative hypotheses</i>). Kedua jenis hipotesis ini diuraikan sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style=""> </span>Hipotesisi Nol </p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span style=""> </span>Hipotesis nol menyatakan tidak adanya hubungan atau perbedaan antara variabel dengan variabel lain atau tidak adanya pengaruh variabel terhadap variabel lain. Hipotesis nol biasanya disingkat dengan H<sub>0</sub>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span style=""> </span></span><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" >Contoh: </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" ><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" >Tidak terdapat hubungan yang positif antara </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >iklim belajar dengan prestasi belajar</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" >.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" ><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" >Tidak terdapat pengaruh langsung konsep diri terhadap motivasi berprestasi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" ><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" >Tidak terdapat perbedaan </span></span><i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >achievement goals</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > antara mahasiswa yang diajar menggunakan metode diskusi dengan metode ceramah</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" >.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis Kerja atau Alternatif </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Hipotesis kerja atau disebut juga sebagai hipotesis alternatif menyatakan adanya hubungan atau perbedaan antara variabel dengan variabel lain atau adanya pengaruh variabel terhadap variabel lain. Hipotesis alternatif biasanya disingkat dengan Ha atau H<sub>1</sub>. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="" lang="PT-BR">Contoh:</span></b><span style="" lang="PT-BR"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" ><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" >Terdapat hubungan yang positif antara </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >iklim belajar dengan prestasi belajar</span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" >.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" ><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="PT-BR" >Terdapat pengaruh langsung konsep diri terhadap motivasi berprestasi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR">Terdapat perbedaan </span><i>achievement goals</i> antara mahasiswa yang diajar menggunakan metode diskusi dengan metode ceramah<span style="" lang="PT-BR">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="4" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b>Ciri-ciri hipotesis<o:p></o:p></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri hipotesis yang baik:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis harus mempunyai daya penjelas</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis harus menyatakan hubungan yang diharapkan ada di antara variabel-variabel-variabel.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis harus dapat diuji</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis hendaknya konsistesis dengan pengetahuan yang sudah ada.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis hendaknya dinyatakan sesederhana dan seringkas mungkin. </span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="5" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b>Menggali dan merumuskan hipotesis <o:p></o:p></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam menggali hipotesis, peneliti harus <a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Mempunyai banyak informasi tentang masalah yang ingin dipecahkan dengan jalan banyak membaca literatur-literatur yang ada hubungannya dengan penelitian yang sedang dilaksanakan.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Mempunyai kemampuan untuk memeriksa keterangan tentang tempat-tempat, objek-objek serta hal-hal yang berhubungan satu sama lain dalam fenomena yang sedang diselidiki.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Mempunyai kemampuan untuk menghubungkan suatu keadaan dengan keadaan lainnya yang sesuaia dengan kerangka teori ilmu dan bidang yang bersangkutan.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>Good dan scates memberikan beberapa sumber untuk menggali hipotesis :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Ilmu pengetahuan dan pengertian yang mendalam tentang ilmu</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Wawasan serta pengertian yang mendalam tentang suatu wawasan</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Imajinasi dan angan-angan</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Materi bacaan dan literatur</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Pengetahuan kebiasaan atau kegiatan dalam daerah yang sedang diselidiki.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Data yang tersedia </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">kesamaan.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai kesimpulan , maka beberapa petunjuk dalam merumuskan hipotesis dapat diberikan sebagai berikut :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis harus dirumuskan secara jelas dan padat serta spesifik</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis sebaiknya dinyatakan dalam kalimat deklaraif dan berbentuk pernyataan.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis sebaiknya menyatakan hubungan antara dua atau lebih variabel yang dapat diukur.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hendaknya dapat diuji</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -26.25pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Hipotesis sebaiknya mempunyai kerangka teori.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><a href="http://wennygirlyahoocoid.blogspot.com/2009/06/bab-i-pendahuluan-1.html"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" >http://wennygirlyahoocoid.blogspot.com/2009/06/bab-i-pendahuluan-1.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><a href="http://wennygirlyahoocoid.blogspot.com/2009/06/bab-i-pendahuluan-1.html"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" >http://wennygirlyahoocoid.blogspot.com/2009/06/bab-i-pendahuluan-1.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><a href="http://heksaviolet.wordpress.com/2009/11/04/hipotesa/"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" >http://heksaviolet.wordpress.com/2009/11/04/hipotesa/</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >Furchon, Arief, <i>Pengantar Penelitian dalam Pendidikan, </i>Usaha Nasional, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Surabaya</st1:city></st1:place>: 1982<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr width="33%" align="left" size="1"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Drs. Arief Furchon, <i>Pengantar Penelitian dalam Pendidikan, </i>Usaha Nasional, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Surabaya</st1:city></st1:place>: 1982, hal. 126 </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Ibid, hal. 133</p> </div> </div> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-37941833452879422002009-10-21T21:56:00.000-07:002009-10-21T22:04:42.893-07:00pengertian rumusan masalah<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CINTERN%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; 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margin-left:67.5pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Wingdings;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="IN" >Pengertian Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="IN">Rumusan masalah berbeda dengan masalah. Kalau masalah itu berupa kesenjangan antara yang diharapkan dengan apa yang terjadi, maka rumusan masalah itu merupakan suatu pertanyaan yang akan dicarikan<span style=""> </span>jawabannya melalui pengumpulan data<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="IN">Ada beberapa para ahli mendefinisikan tentang rumusan masalah, diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;" lang="IN" ><span style="">•<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="IN" >Menurut Pariata Westra (1981 : 263 ) bahwa “Suatu masalah yang terjadi apabila seseorang berusaha mencoba suatu tujuan atau percobaannya yang pertama untuk mencapai tujuan itu hingga berhasil.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="" lang="IN"><span style="">•<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Menurut Sutrisno Hadi ( 1973 : 3 ) “Masalah adalah kejadian yang menimbulkan pertanyaan kenapa dan kenapa”.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt; line-height: 150%;">Perumusan masalah merupakan salah satu tahap di antara sejumlah tahap penelitian yang memiliki kedudukan yang sangat penting dalam kegiatan penelitian. Tanpa perumusan masalah, suatu kegiatan penelitian akan menjadi sia-sia dan bahkan tidak akan membuahkan hasil apa-apa.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Perumusan masalah atau research questions atau disebut juga sebagai research problem, diartikan sebagai suatu rumusan yang mempertanyakan suatu fenomena, baik dalam kedudukannya sebagai fenomena mandiri, maupun dalam kedudukannya sebagai fenomena yang saling terkait di antara fenomena yang satu dengan yang lainnya, baik sebagai penyebab maupun sebagai akibat.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="IN" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Rumusan masalah itu merupakan suatu pertanyaan yang akan dicarikan jawabannya melalui pengumpulan data bentuk-bentuk rumusan masalah penelitian ini berdasarkan penelitian menurut tingkat eksplanasi.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="IN" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Rumusan masalah ini pada hakikatnya adalah deskriptip tentang ruang lingkup masalah, pembatasan dimensi dan analisis variabel yang tercakup didalamnya. Dengan demikian rumusan masalah tersebut sekaligus menunjukkan fokus pengamatan di dalam proses penelitian nantinya.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="IN" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Bentuk masalah dapat dikelompokkan <span style=""> </span>kedalam bentuk masalah <i>deskriptif, komparatif, asosiatif<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Rumusan Masalah Deskriptif<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 4.5pt; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Rumusan masalah deskriptif adalah suatu rumusan masalah yang berkenaan dengan pertanyaan terhadap keberadaan variabel mandiri, baik hanya pada satu variabel atau lebih.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Rumusan Masalah Komparatif<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 4.5pt; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Rumusan masalah komparatif adalah rumusan masalah penelitian yang membandingkan keberadaan satu variabel atau lebih pada dua atau lebih sampel yang berbeda, atau pada waktu yang berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">c.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Rumusan Masalah Asosiatif<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 4.5pt; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Rumusan masalah asosiatif adalah rumusan masalah penelitian yang bersifat menanyakan hubungan antara dua variabel atau lebih.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 4.5pt; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam perumusan masalah yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Dirumuskan secara jelas<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Menggunakan kalimat tanya dengan mengajukan alternaatif tindakan yang akan dilakukan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Dapat diuji secara empiris<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Menggandung deskripsi tentang kenyataan yang ada dan keadaan yang diinginkan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Disusun dalam bahasa yang jelas dan singkat<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">6.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Jelas cangkupannya<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">7.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Memungkinkan untuk dijawab dengan mempergunakan metode atau teknik tertentu.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:11pt;" lang="IN" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Bagian rumusan masalah berisi tentang masalah-masalah yang hendak dipecahkan melalui penelitian. Tentunya masalah-masalah yang dihasilkan itu tidak lepas dari latar belakang masalah yang dikemukakan pada bagian pendahuluan.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="IN" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Perumusan masalah memiliki fungsi sebagai berikut yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">sebagai pendorong suatu kegiatan penelitian menjadi diadakan atau dengan kata lain berfungsi sebagai penyebab kegiatan penelitian itu menjadi ada dan dapat dilakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">sebagai pedoman, penentu arah atau fokus dari suatu penelitian. Perumusan masalah ini tidak berharga mati, akan tetapi dapat berkembang dan berubah setelah peneliti sampai di lapangan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">sebagai penentu jenis data macam apa yang perlu dan harus dikumpulkan oleh peneliti, serta jenis data apa yang tidak perlu dan harus disisihkan oleh peneliti. </span></span><span style=";font-family:";" >Keputusan memilih data mana yang perlu dan data mana yang tidak perlu dapat dilakukan peneliti, karena melalui perumusan masalah peneliti menjadi tahu mengenai data yang bagaimana yang relevan dan data yang bagaimana yang tidak relevan bagi kegiatan penelitiannya.</span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="IN" ><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style=";font-family:";" >dengan adanya perumusan masalah penelitian, maka para peneliti menjadi dapat dipermudah di dalam menentukan siapa yang akan menjadi populasi dan sampel penelitian</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="IN" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" >DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:14pt;" ><a href="http://rakim-ypk.blogspot.com/2008/06/permasalahan.html"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" lang="IN">http://rakim-ypk.blogspot.com/2008/06/permasalahan.html</span></a></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" ><a href="http://pustaka.ut.ac.id/puslata/online.php?menu=bmpshort_detail2&ID=394"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" >http://pustaka.ut.ac.id/puslata/online.php?menu=bmpshort_detail2&ID=394</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" >Prof. Dr. Sugiyono, <i>Metode Penelitian Pendidikan, </i>Bandung: CV. Alfabeta<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" >Abdul Muthalib, <i>Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Islam, </i>Banjarmasin: Antasari Press<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" >Kunandar, S.Pd.,M.Si,<i> Langkah Mudah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, </i>Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:14pt;" >Mahsun, <i>Metode Penelitian Bahasa,</i> <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>: PT. Raja Grafindo Pesada</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="IN" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr width="33%" align="left" size="1"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:";" > <a href="http://rakim-ypk.blogspot.com/2008/06/permasalahan.html"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" >http://rakim-ypk.blogspot.com/2008/06/permasalahan.html</span></a></span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 31.5pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10pt;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-size:10pt;"> http://pustaka.ut.ac.id/puslata/online.php?menu=bmpshort_detail2&ID=394<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 31.5pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:";" > </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Prof. Dr. Sugiyono, <i>Metode Penelitian Pendidikan, </i>Bandung: CV. Alfabeta, Hal. 56<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 31.5pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:";" > </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Abdul Muthalib, <i>Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Islam, </i>Banjarmasin: Antasari Press. Hal. 25<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:";" > </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN">Kunandar, S.Pd.,M.Si,<i> Langkah Mudah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, </i>Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. Hal.89<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:";" > Mahsun, <i>Metode Penelitian Bahasa,</i> <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>: PT. Raja Grafindo Pesada. Hal 38.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-82045653300332605522009-10-14T01:23:00.003-07:002009-10-14T01:27:27.817-07:00terjemah<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CINTERN%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"DecoType Naskh"; 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الدراسة النظرية في الترجمة من العربية إلى الإندونيسية<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >إعداد: الحاجّ محمد شمس الدين نور<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Calibri;font-size:16pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >إن الترجمة إحدى المهارات الأساسية في تعليم اللغة العربية. وهي نقل الأفكار من لغة إلى أخرى. وكثيرا ما يجهله المرء دقائق لغة المصدر ولغة الهدف، فلا يستطيع عندئذ أن يقوم بترجمة صحيحة تكشف لقومه عن الكنوز الفكرية الموجودة في اللغة الأخرى. فلا بد من فهم نظريات الترجمة من طرائقها وإجراءاتها وكيفية تطبيقهن في الترجمة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الكلمات الرئيسية : الترجمة، طرائق الترجمة، إجراءات الترجمة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أ. تمهيد<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المهارات اللغوية تقليديا تشتمل على أربعة أنواع. وهي مهارة الاستماع لفهم اللغة المعبّرة شفهيا، ومهارة القراءة لفهم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 115%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >اللغة المستخدمة تحريريا، ومهارة الكلام للتعبير عن كل شيء شفهيّا، ومهارة الكتابة للتعبير عن كل شيء تحريريا.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فَبلاطّلاع على علاقة بين لغة وأخرى نجد مهارة خامسة وهي مهارة الترجمة. مهارة الترجمة هي مهارة نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى. ومعنى نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى، التعبير عن معناه بكلام آخر من لغة إلى أخرى، مع الوفاء بحميع معانيه ومقاصده. (انظر إلى الزرقاني1996 ج.2: 120)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >إن مهارة الترجمة مهارة أساسية.فهي وسيلة لعملية الاستبدال الثقافي والحضاري. وقد كتب التاريخ أن بداية تطور الحضارة الإسلامية هي من أنشطة ترجمة الروائع القديمة اليونانية، والفرسية، والهندية، والمصرية. وبعد فترة، تناولت الأوروبا الحضارة الإسلامية وانتقتها أيضا من أنشطة الترجمة (شهاب الدين، 2002 :1). ولن يتصور وجود الاستبدال الحضاري بدون مهارة الترجمة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -21.3pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ب. تعريف الترجمة</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >قدّم العلماء تعاريف وتحاديد كثيرة للترجمة. ففي اللغة الإندونيسية، كلمة "</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>”terjemah</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> مستعارة من اللغة العربية "تَرْجَمَ". واللغة العربية نفسها التقطها من اللغة الأرمنية "تُرْجُمَانٌ" (ديدوي، 1992: 37). وكلمة "تُرْجُمَان"، و"تَرْجَمَان" و"تَرْجُمَان" بمعنى واحد. وهو الذي يترجم الكلام أي ينقله من لغة إلى أخرى، والجمع "تَرَاجِمُ" (منظور، 1992، ج.12 :66). والزرقاني (1996، ج.2: 199-120) يقول إن الترجمة لغةً لها معان أربعة:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أولها، تبليغ الكلام لمن لم يبلغه. ومنه قول الشاعر:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>"إن الثمانين وبلغتها<span style=""> </span>قد أحوجت سمعي إلى ترجمان"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ثانيها، تفسير الكلام بلغته التي جاء بها. ومنه قيل في ابن عبّاس: إنه ترجمان القرآن. ولعل الزمخشري في كتابه أساس البلاغة يقصد هذا المعنى إذ يقول "كلّ ما ترجم عن حال شيء فهو تفسرته". ثالثها، تفسير الكلام بلغة غير لغته. وجاء في لسان العرب، وفي القاموس، أن الترجمان هو المفسّر للكلام. وقال شارح القاموس ما نصه"وقد ترجمه وترجم عنه إذا فسّر كلامه بلسان آخر قاله الجوهري" اهـ. وجاء في تفسير ابن كثير والبغوي أن كلمة "ترجمة" تستعمل في لغة العرب بمعنى "تبيين" مطلقا سواء اتحدّت اللغة أم اختلفت<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >رابعها، نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى. قال في لسان العرب: "الترجمان بالضمّ والفتح هو الذي يترجم الكلام أي ينقله من لغة إلى أخرى، والجمع تراجم. وشارح القاموس بعد أن أورد المعنى السابق في "ترجمة" و"ترجم عنه" قال: "وقيل نقله من لغة إلى أخرى". اهـ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>ولكون هذه المعاني الأربعة فيها بيان، جاز على التوسّع إطلاق الترجمة على كل ما فيه بيان مما عدا هذه الترجمة، فقيل ترجم لهذا الباب بكذا أي عنون له، وترجم لفلان أي بيّن تاريخه، وترجم حياته أي بيّن ما كان فيها، ترجمة هذا الباب كذا أي بيان المقصود منه، وهلمّ جرّاً.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>أما الترجمة اصطلاحا فعرّفها العلماء بعبارات شتّى. منها ما قاله كاتفورد </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Catford</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(1964: 12) إنها عملية استبدال نص في لغة معيّنة بنص آخر فى لغة أخرى. وأما الزرقانى (1996 ج.2: 120) فقال إنها نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى. ومعنى نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى، التعبير عن معناه بكلام آخر من لغة إلى أخرى، مع الوفاء بحميع معانيه ومقاصده. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>وإذا قارنــّا بين التعريفين وجدنا أن تعريف الزرقاني أجمع وأشمل لأنه يخرج عن معنى الترجمة مالا يوفي بحميع معانيه ومقاصده. فنقل الكلام من لغة إلى لغة إن لم يوفِ بجميع معاني لغة المصدر ومقاصدها لا يسمّى ترجمةً عند الزرقاني لكنه يسمّى ترجمة عند كاتفورد.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>واستمر الزرقانى (1996 ج.2 : 120 – 121 ) بيان الترجمة الاصطلاحية بأن يمكننا أن نعرّف الترجمة بعبارة مبسوطة فنقول: هي التعبير عن معنى كلام في لغة بكلام آخر من لغة آخرى مع الوفاء بجميع معانيه ومقاصده. فكلمة "التعبير" جنس، وما بعده من القيود فصل، وقولنا (عن معنى كلام) يخرج به التعبير عن المعنى القائم بالنفس حين يخرج في صورة اللفظ أول مرة. وقولنا (بكلام آخر) يخرج به التعبير عن المعنى بالكلام الآول نفسه، ولو تكرر ألف مرة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>وقولنا: (من لغة أخرى) يخرج به التفسير بلغة الأصل، ويخرج به أيضا التعبير بمرادف مكان مرادفه، أو بكلام بدل آخر مساوٍ له، على وجه لا تفسير فيه، واللغة واحدة في الجميع. وقولنا (مع الوفاء بجميع معاني الأصل ومقاصده)، يخرج به تفسير الكلام بلغة إلى غير لغته، فإن التفسير لا يشترط فيه الوفاء بكل معاني الأصل المفسّر ومقاصده، بل يكفي فيه البيان ولو من وجه.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>ومعاني الكلام هي كل معلومات تتعلق بكلام فهي إذن موضوعية. ويعني بذلك إن المعلومات في الكلام مفهومة منه وحده، بدون الاطّلاع على المتكلم به. وأما مقاصد الكلام فهي تعود إلى معلومات من ناحية المتكلم فهي إذن شخصيّة. فإذا سألنا أحد "كيف حالك؟"، مثلا، فمعنى هذا الكلام أنه يسأل عن حالنا، لكن المقصود من ذاك السؤال متنوّع، إمّا للمجاملة وإما لافتتاح الحوار وإما للمخاطبة. فعلى هذا التعريف يطلب من المترجم أن يوفي بجميع معاني لغة المصدر ومقاصدها (شهاب الدين، 2002 : 8).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>لا بد لتحقيق معنى الترجمة من أمور أربعة: أولها، معرفة المترجم لأوضاع اللغتين، لغة الأصل (لغة المصدر) ولغة الترجمة (لغة الهدف). وثانيها، معرفته لأساليبهما وخصائصهما. وثالثها، وفاء الترجمة بجميع معاني الأصل ومقاصده على وجه مطمئن. ورابعها، أن تكون صيغة الترجمة مستقلة عن الأصل بحيث يمكن أن يستغني بها عنه، وأن تحَلَّ محلّه، كأنه لا أصل هناك ولا فرع (الزرقاني، 1996، ج.2 : 123).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>نقل معاني لغة المصدر أمر مهم في الترجمة، وليس معنى هذا إلغاء أسلوب لغة الهدف تماما. وقد بيّن سدتونو </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Sadtono</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(1985 : 11) الأوليات التي عملها المترجم كما يلي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16pt;"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المكافئة من ناحية المعنى مقدّم عليها من ناحية المفردات</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16pt;"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المكافئة من ناحية المعنى مقدّم عليها من ناحية الأسلوب</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16pt;"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الأسلوب اللساني مقدّم على الأسلوب الكتابي</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16pt;"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الأسلوب الأسهل فهمه على القارئين مقدّم على الأسلوب ذي هيبة على نظر المترجم</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وهكذا، دلّ ذلك التعريف على أن الترجمة هي عملية اتصالية تورّط فيها أربعة وهي: أولاً: المصنّف الذي يعرض آراءه في لغة المصدر. وثانيا: المترجم الذي ينقل آراء المصنّف في لغة الهدف. وثالثا: القارئ الذي يقرأ تلك الآراء في لغة الهدف. ورابعا: تلك الآراء نفسها التي هي مركز اهتمام الأصناف الثلاثة المذكورة (شهاب الدين، 2002 : 8 – 9).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ج. طرائق الترجمة</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >طريقة الترجمة هي طريقة مستخدمة لترجمة نص بالكلية من أوّله إلى آخره. فموضوع الطريقة هو النص الكليّ، وهي متعلّقة بمبادئَ تمسّك بها المترجمون حين يعبّرون عن نص المصدر. ولذلك قد يعنى بطريقة الترجمة،<span style=""> </span>مدخلا لحلّ مشكلات الترجمة (شهاب الدين، 2002 : 202). وإن طريقة الترجمة في المراجع الغربية يُدرَس عليها وتقسَّم تفصيليا. كمثل نيومارك </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Newmark</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(1988: 45-47) الذي رأى أن طريقة الترجمة تختلف من ناحية ميلها، إما إلى لغة المصدر وإما إلى لغة الهدف. وطريقة الترجمة التي تميل إلى لغة المصدر تنقسم إلى أربع طرائق. وهي ما يلي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16pt;"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>ترجمة بين الأسطر </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(<i>One for One Translation</i>)</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الترجمة بهذه الطريقة يعمل حسب الكلمات. فالترحمة توضع تحت كل كلمة لغة المصدر. وترتيب لغة المصدر أيضا يُبقَى كأصله. والكلمة يترجم منها واحدة فواحدة بأعمّ المعنى بدون اهتمام بسياق استعمالها. والكلمة التي ظهرت فيها خصوصية لغة المصدر تبقى أيضا.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >إن هذه طريقة الترجمة تتوقف على أمرين: أحدها، وجود مفردات متساوية بين لغة الهدف والمصدر، حتى يمكن أن يحلّ كل مفردات من الترجمة مكان نظيرها في الأصل.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وثانيها، تشبُّه اللغتين في الضمائر المستترة، والراوبط التي تربط المفردات لتأليف التراكيب، سواء في هذا التشبه ذوات الروابط وأمكنتها. وإنما اشترط هذا التشبُّه، لأن محاكات هذه الترجمة لأصلها في ترتيبها تقتضيه.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ثم إن هذين الشرطين عسيران، وثانيهما أعسر من بالأول. فهيهات أن توجد في لغة الهدف مترادفات مساوية لجميع المترادفات في لغة المصدر. ثم هيهات أن تظفر بالتشبه بين اللغتين المنقول منها والمنقول إليها في الضمائر المستترة وفي دوام الروابط بين المترادفات لتأليف العبارات المركّبة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ومن أجل هذه العزة والندرة قال بعض العلماء: إن الترجمة الحرفية<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Calibri;font-size:16pt;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> مستحيلة. قال آخرون: إنها ممكنة في بعض الكلام دون بعض. (الزرقاني، 1996، ج.2: 123). لكننا نقول: إنّا نستخدم هذه الطريقة كالخطوة الأولى لترجمة النص الصعب المتعقد.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2. الترجمة الحرفية</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هذه الطريقة تنقل تركيب القواعد للغة المصدر إلى أقرب التركيب للغة الهدف. لكن كلمات لغة المصدر يترجم منها واحدة فواحدة بلا اهتمام بسياق استعمالها. وهذه الطريقة تراعي الأبنية النحوية للغة الهدف (نيومارك، 1988: 123). ونموذج الترجمة الحرفية كترجمة يسّين </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Jassin</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(1991: 348) للآية 29 من سورة الإسراء كما يلي:</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">8</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB3;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">'</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB3;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">’</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style=""><</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">É</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ý</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ý</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">·</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ý</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">¤</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">C</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ò</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Arial;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 21.25pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Jangan biarkan tanganmu terbelenggu pada lehermu, dan jangan pula kau ulurkan sejauh-jauhnya sehingga kau jadi tercela penuh penyesalan”</span><span style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >عبارة "جعل اليد مغلولة إلى العنق" كناية عن البخل والشح. وعبارة "البسط كل البسط" كناية عن من يعطي جميع ماله ولا يبقي لنفسه أو المبذّرين. فالمترجم لا يترجم معنى الكنايتين، بل يترجمهما كما كانتا حرفيّةً.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وكما أن ترجمة بين الأسطر، فهذه الطريقة أيضا تستخدم كالخطوة الأولى من عملية الترجمة خصوصا لترجمة النص الصعب المتعقّد.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >3. الترجمة الوفيّة </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(</span><i><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">faithful translation</span></i><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هذه الطريقة تسعى إلى نقل صورة لمعنى سياق لغة المصدر في تركيب لغة الهدف تماما. ولذلك، تنقل المترادفات الثقافية ويبقى ترتيب القواعد في الترجمة. وهذه الطريقة تسعى إلى الإيفاء بمقاصد المصنف إيفاء تامّا.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فهذه الطريقة أحرّ من الترجمة الحرفية بقليل. لأنها تهتمّ بمعنى سياق لغة المصدر. ومن أجل الإيفاء بمقاصد المصنّف في النصّ المترجَم منه، لا يزال هذا النوع من الترجمة شاذّاً وغريباً. ومثال ذلك عبارة "هو كثير الرماد". فمعنى هذه العبارة حرفيّة هي </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">ia banyak abunya</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. ويترجم منها بِــ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">ia dermawan karena banyak abunya</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. ظهر السعي إلى الإيفاء بلغة المصدر بإبقاء استعارة "كثير الرماد" </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">ia banyak abunya</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;">)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. وإن كانت الاستعارة معناها "سخيٌّ" في اللغة العربية، لكن الترجمة بإبقاء استعارة "كثير الرماد" شاذّة غريبة من ناحية اللغة الإندونيسية.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >4. الترجمة الدلالية</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >إن الفرق بين الترجمة الوفية والدلالية هو أن الترجمة الوفية قد تكون شاذّة ولا تتوافق مع قواعد لغة الهدف، وأما الترجمة الدلالية فلدنة لينة. فعبارة "كثير الرماد" يترجم منها بدلالتها وهي </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“ia seorang dermawan”</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. فاستعارة "كثير الرماد" لا يترجم حرفية ولكنها يترجم منها بدلالتها فحسب.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وما عدا تلك الطرائق الأربع التي تميل إلى لغة المصدر، هناك أربع أخرى التي تميل إلى لغة الهدف. ويعنى بهذا أن بجانب الاهتمام بنصّ المصدر، يحتاج المترجم إلى الاهتمام بأشياء أخرى ما تتعلق بلغة الهدف كـــَ (1) من قارئو حاصل الترجمة، أهم مهنيّون في فن مخصوص أم العوام. (2) هدف الترجمة، إما للهدف العلمي وإما لمجرد الرفاهية. (3) لياقة التحرير، هل لغة التحرير جاسئة أم لا ئقة (هود وأصحابه، 1993: 18).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وتلك الطرائق التي تميل إلى لغة الهدف هي كما يلي باستمرار الترقيم:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >5. الترجمة التكيفية<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هذه الترجمة أحرُّ ترجمة من طرائق الترجمة الأخرى. وهذه الترجمة تستخدم عادة لترجمة المسرحية أو الشعر مع إيفاء الموضوع والطبيعة والسيرة. لكنها تستبدل ثقافة لغة الهدف بثقافة لغة المصدر. والنموذج من استخدام هذه الترجمة، ترجمة هود وأصحابه (1993: 19) لقطعة الغناء الجاوي إلى اللغة الإنكليزية الآتية:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>لغة المصدر:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Mumpung padhang rembulane<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Mumpung jhembar kalangane<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:12pt;">(surake surak horee) </span><span style="font-size:16pt;">(</span><span dir="RTL" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >لا يترجم منه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >لغة الهدف :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">While the moonlight is very bright<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وإذا تكيفنا تلك الترجمة إلى اللغة العربية، ترجمنا منها بعبارة "حينما أنارنا بدرنا". تصف لغة المصدر الثقافية الجاوية من حيث أثر البدر في أهل قرية من قرى جاوية (الذين ربما يسكنون في ظلمة)، حتى أنهم لا يكتفون بوصف "نور البدر" </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">padhang rembulane</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" > فقط. بل يصفون أيضا "عرض استدارة نور البدر" (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">jembhar kalangane</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>). وفي آخر كل بيت من البيتين صَوْتُ </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(e)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. والترجمة إلى اللغة الإنكليزية لا تستطيع أن تصف نفس الثقافة، فتحتاج إذن إلى التكيف. وحاصل الترجمة في اللغة الإنكليزية يدل على وصف معتدل في جملة واحدة، وتسوية صوت </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“ait”</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> في كلمة </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">light</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >و </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">bright</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. وكذا الترجمة إلى اللغة العربية لا تستطيع أن تصف نفس الثقافة، فحاصل الترجمة في اللغة العربية يدل على وصف معتدل في جملة واحدة وتسوية صوت (نا) في كلمتي "أنارنا" و "بدرنا". ففي الثقافة العربية، البدر معناه "القمر الكامل" ولهم عبارة أخرى يصفون بها عن القمر وهي "هلال" (القمر الأول)، ومحاق (القمر الآخر) (مرتضى، 1999: 67-68).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:1pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >6. الترجمة الحرّة<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هذه الترجمة تفضّل معنى لغة المصدر على أسلوبها وشكلها. فمعنى لغة المصدر منقول إلى لغة الهدف بأسلوبها المختلف. وشكل هذه الترجمة عادة، إعادة الصياغة (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">parafhrase</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) التي هي أطول من النص المترجم منه أو أقصر. وهذه الترجمة عادة مستخدمة في وسائل الإعلام. ويليه النموذج من هذه الترجمة الحرّة:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >لغة المصدر : (اللقاء، يناير – فبراير، 1993) "الوجه الجديد عاصمة ألمانيا"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ترجمة العبارة حرفية هي "</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">wajah baru ibu kota Jerman</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >لغة الهدف: (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">scala</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، فبراير، 1993)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:15pt;" lang="AR-SA" >"</span><span dir="LTR" style="">Pembaruan Wilayah Pemerintahan Ibukota Baru (lama) Jerman-Berlin</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:15pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >التعليق: "اللقاء" اسم مجلة عربية مطبوعة ومنشورة في ألمانيا، </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" >و</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">scala</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >اسم مجلة طبعها ونشرها سفارة الجمهورية الفدرالية الألمانية في إندونيسيا باللغة الإندونيسية.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >7. الترجمة التعبيرية/الاصطلاحية (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">idiomatic translation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >تستهدف هذه الترجمة نقل صورة لمعنى لغة المصدر، مستخدما تعبيرات اصطلاحية اللاموجودة في لغة المصدر، فكثيرا ما يقع التحريف في المعنى. وكم من مترجمين مهنِيِّيْنَ يفضلون هذه الترجمة على غيرها كمثل سالسكوبتج </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">seleskovitch</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، الذي اعتبرها "حيّة" و"طبيعية". ومثال ذلك<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><i><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Ill-gotten gains never prosper<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المال الحرام لا يدوم<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Harta haram tak akan bertahan lama</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >8. الترجمة الاتصالية (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">communicative translation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هذه الترجمة تسعى إلى نقل صورة لمعنى سياق لغة المصدر حتّى يفهم القارءون حاصل الترجمة مباشرة من ناحية اللغة ومن ناحية المعنى معا. واهتمت هذه الترجمة بمبادئ الاتصال وهي معاشر القارئين وأهداف الترجمة. ولذلك، قد يكون نص واحد يترجم منه بأنواع الترجمة في لغة الهدف مناسبة بمبادئ الاتصال السابق. ومثال ذلك: تركيب "الحيي المنوي" يترجم منه بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">spermatozoon</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> لعلماء الأحياء (البيولوجيون) أو بــِ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">air mani</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> لعامّة القارئين. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فإذا قيل أي طريقة من طرائق الترجمة هي أحسنها نجيب إنه لا طريقة من طرائق الترجمة هي أحسن مما سواها. فإن لكل منها مزيةً مناسبة بمشكلات توجهها المترجم وملائما بأهداف الترجمة. لكن على العمون، نستطيع أن نقول إن أحسن الطريقة هي ما بين الحرفية المجرّدة والحرة المفرطة. فإذا كانت الترجمة حرفية مجردة، صعب على القارئين فهمها، وإذا كانت حرة مفرطة، ضاع كثير من جو نص المصدر، وهو مهم لزيادة البيان عن الموضوع والمبحث قدمهما المصنف.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >د. إجراءات الترجمة<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >إن الفرق بين الطريقة والإجراء في موضوعهما. أما الطريقة فموضوعها النص بالكلية، وأما الإجراء فموضوعه الجملة كأصغر وحدة في الترجمة. وهذه الجملة قطعة من النص. والمساواة بينهما أنهما مدخل يستخدمه المترجم للحلول عن مشكلات الترجمة، إلا أن الطريقة مستخدمة كمبدإ عامّ لترجمة نص بالكلية. وأن الإجراء فيه أطوار في حَلِّ مشكلات الترجمة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>ومن أجل أن موضوع الإجراء هو الجملة وهي نفسها متنوعة، فليس من العجيب إذا وجدنا إجراءات كثيرة متنوعة. ورغم أن الإجراءات كثيرة، هناك أنواع منها تعتبر أساسية وكثر استخدامها. ومن الإجراءات الأساسية التي قدمها نيومارك (1988: 81-93) ما يلي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1. الإجراء الحرفي<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >يستخدم هذا الإجراء إذا تكافأ معنى لغة المصدر ولغة الهدف وتلك الكلمة تشير إلى شيء سوي. وموضوع هذا الإجراء واسع وهو ترجمة حرف بحرف، وتركيب بتركيب، والتجمع اللغوي بالتجمع اللغوي، وجملة بجملة, لكن إذا طالت وحدة الترجمة صعب استخدام هذا الإجراء. ونموذج استخدام الإجراء الحرفي ما يلي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >"وكما أن القشرة السفلى ظاهرة النفع بالإضافة إلى القشرة العليا فإنها تصون اللب وتحرسه عن الفساد عند الادّخار وإذا فصلت أمكن أن ينتفع بها خطبا لكنها نازلة القدر إلى اللب وكذلك مجرد الاعتقاد من غير كشف كثير النفع بالإضافة إلى مجرد نطق اللسان ناقص القدر بالإضافة إلى الكشف والمشاهدة التي تحصل بانشراح الصدر وانفساحه وإشراق نور الحق فيه".<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span>“Sebagaimana kulit terbawah itu tampak manfaatnya dengan dikaitkan kepada kulit yang teratas, maka ia menjaga isi dan memeliharanya dari kerusakan ketika disimpan. Apabila dipisahkan, niscaya mungkin dimanfaatkan untuk kayu api. Akan tetapi, turun kadarnya dengan dikaitkan kepada isi. Begitu juga, semata-mata I’tiqad tanpa tesingkap banyaknya manfaat, dengan dikaitkan kepada semata-mata penuturan lisan itu kurang kadarnya dengan dikaitkan kepada tersingkap dan penyaksian yang berhasil dengan terbukanya dada dan kelapangannya, tersinarnya nur kebenaran padanya</span><span style="font-size:10pt;">.” </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >(Terjemahan Ihya’ al-Ghazali</span><span style="font-size:14pt;">, </span><span style="font-size:12pt;">1981</span><span style="font-size:14pt;">, </span><span style="">VII: 283</span><span style="font-size:14pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والنموذج يدل على أن المترجم ينقل نص المصدر إلى نص الهدف حرفيا، حرفا بحرف كترجمة جميع حرف "إلى" بــِ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">kepada</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، وكلمةً بكلمةٍ كترجمة كلمة "الكشف" بـــِ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">tersingkap</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، و"المشاهدة" بــِ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">penyaksian</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، وتركيبا بتركيب كترجمة "مجرد الاعتقاد" بــِ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">semata-mata</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">iktikad</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، والتجمع اللغوي بالتجمع اللغوي كترجمة "</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والمشاهدة التي تحصل بانشراح الصدر" بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;">dan </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">penyaksian yang berhasil dengan terbukanya dada</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، مهملا هل الترتيب مقبول في لغة الهدف أم غير مقبول. والعاقبة، ظهرت المشقة في فهم الجملة الآخرة وهي<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Begitu juga, semata-mata I’tiqad tanpa tesingkap banyaknya manfaat, dengan dikaitkan kepada semata-mata penuturan lisan itu kurang kadarnya dengan dikaitkan kepada tersingkap dan penyaksian yang berhasil dengan terbukanya dada dan kelapangannya, tersinarnya nur kebenaran padanya”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والترجمة بالحقيقة صحيحة لأن نص المصدر قد عبر في نص الهدف. لكنها غربية وغير واضحة لوجود التراكيب الشاذّة أو المجهولة في لغة الهدف كتركيب </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">semata-mata</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">iktikad</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، و </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">semata-mata penuturan lisan</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، و </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">dikaitkan kepada tersingkap</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">dan</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">penyaksian</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> و </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">tersinarnya nur kebenaran</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وبديل ترجمة النص السابق ما يلي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Meskipun kulit terdalam itu lebih bermanfaat<span style=""> </span>daripada kulit luar karena dapat melindungi dan menjaga isi dari kerusakan saat disimpan, misalnya dapat dijadikan kayu bakar setelah dikupas, tetapi nilainya bila dibandingkan dengan isi sangat kurang. Demikian pula keyakinan semata yang tidak melahirkan banyaknya manfaat kecuali sebatas tuturan lisan adalah lebih rendah nilainya bila dibandingkan dengan <i>mukasyafah </i>dan <i>musyahadah </i>yang diraih melalui kelapangan dan keterbukaan hati serta terbitnya cahaya kebenaran dalam dada.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size:14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ورغم أن هذا الإجراء الحرفي يعجز عن تحصيل ترجمة واضحة، لكنه ليس في إلغاء استخدامه من سبيل. ولا سيما في ترجمة النص المستخدمة الطريقة الوفية والدلالية. وهذا الإجراء استخدمه المترجم إذا وجد تركيب النص الصعب فاحتاج إلى تحليل بنائي وتحليل دلاليّ. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ولذلك إذا وجد المترجم استعارات وأمثالا وعبارات شاذة، لزمه استخدام إجراء آخرَ (شهاب الدين، 2002: 67-69).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2. إجراء النقل والتجنيس (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Transfer and Naturalization</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >النقل هو إجراء نقل وحدة لغوية من لغة المصدر إلى لغة الهدف بالتقابل الحرفي. والأشياء التي تنقل عادة هي اسم شخص وجغرافيّ، واسم صحيفة ومجلة وجريدة ورائعة أدبية ومسراحية واسم مؤسسة أهلية وحكومية واسم المجتمع وغير ذلك. وفي نص أدبي وإعلانيّ، كثيرا ما تنقل الكلمات الثقافية لجلب اهتمام القارئين ولتقدير ثفافة لغة المصدر. ويليه نموذج استخدام إجراء النقل وتنسيب العبارة المنقولة بطبيعة لغة الهدف كما لاح في كل كلمة تحتها خط في نص المصدر والمطبوع بالإمالة في ترجمته.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >"وقد تأثر بعض <u>المسلمين</u> فظهر من يزعم أنه لا بد من تطبيق نقد النص على <u>القرآن</u> <u>الكريم</u> ومن هؤلاء <u>محمد</u> <u>أركون</u> في الجامعات الفرنسية، <u>وفضل</u> <u>الرحمن</u> الذي يرأس قسم الدراسة <u>الإسلامية</u> في جامعة <u>أمريكية</u>".</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Sebagian kaum <i>muslimin</i> benar-benar terpengaruh. Maka muncullah orang yang berpendapat bahwa aflikasi kritik teks terhadap <i>al-Quranul</i> <i>Karim</i> merupakan satu keniscayaan. Diantara mereka yang terpengaruh ialah <i>Muhammad Arkoun</i> yang mengajar di beberapa Universitas <i>Perancis</i> dan <i>Fazlurrahman</i> yang menjadi ketua jurusan studi <i>Islam</i> di Universitas <i>Amerika.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وفي النموذج ظهر أن المترجم يلائم الكلمة المنقولة بنظام التلفظ والتصريف عند لغة الهدف، فتكون الترجمة مناسبة بلغة الهدف. (شهاب الدين، 2002: 70-71)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >3. إجراء التعادل الثقافي<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >في هذا الإجراء، الكلمة الثقافية في لغة المصدر يترجم منها بالكلمة الثقافية في لغة الهدف. واستخدام هذا الإجراء محدود، وهذا لعدم التساوي بين ثقافتين. وما يلي نموذج استخدام إجراء التعادل الثقافي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >"وقام عبد المؤمن ببناء خمسة أحزمة أمنية حول معسكره"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Abdul Mu’min membangun lima <u>ikat pinggang pengaman</u> di sekitar kamp militernya”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ظهر أن المترجم يسعى إلى تصوير العبارة الثقافية "أحزمة أمنية" بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">ikat pinggang</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">pengaman</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. لكن، هذا الإجراء يمحو جو الثقافة في الكلمة المترجمة منها لأن التصوير غير شائع في لغة الهدف. وفي الكلام الإندونيسي تعرف عبارة "</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">sabuk pengaman</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>" لتصوير شيء كحبل ينتفع به لحرس الأمن. ولذلك ترجمت كلمة "أحزمة أمنية" بــِ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">sabuk pengaman</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> (شهاب الدين، 2002: 71-72).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >4. إجراء المناقلة (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">transposition</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المناقلة هي استبدال وحدة نحوية بأخرى (نيومارك، 1981: 66) وهناك أربعة أنواع من المناقلة وهي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أ). المناقلة الواجبة التلقائية من أجل النظام اللغوي والنحوي. وفي هذا، ليس للمترجم في إلغاء استخدام هذه المناقلة الواجبة من سبيل. وإجراء المناقلة الواجبة التلقائية في ترجمة اللغة العربية إلى الإندونيسية وعكسها نوعان، وهما:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1). صيغة الجمع بعد العدد في اللغة العربية تكون مفردا في اللغة الإندونيسية. والمثال:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>ثلاثة كتب<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">tiga buah buku</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>وليس </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">tiga buah buku-buku</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 70.85pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أربع مدارس<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">empat buah sekolah</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><span lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 70.85pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وليس<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="">empat buah sekolah-sekolah</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>2). تكرار النعت أو الصفة في اللغة الإندونيسية الذي معناه يدل على تنوعيته، يكون جمع الموصوف في اللغة العربية، والمثال</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.6pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=""> </span>“</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">gedung di Jakarta bagus-bagus</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;">”</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> =<span style=""> </span>تكون المباني بجاكرتا ضخمة"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ب). المناقلة من أجل أن الوحدة النحوية في لغة المصدر غير موجودة في لغة الهدف. ومثال ذلك تقديم الفعل على الفاعل، المسمى بالجملة الفعلية فهي غير موجودة في اللغة الإندونيسية، والمثال:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>"بكى الولد"<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“anak itu menangis”</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>"جاء الأستاذ"<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Profesor telah datang”</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>ولا يجوز في اللغة الإندونيسية تركيب "</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">menangis anak itu</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>" ولا </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">telah datang profesor itu</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;">”</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ج). المناقلة لتطبيع التعبير، وإن أمكن استخدام الإجراء الحرفي حسب القواعد. والنموذج:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1). المصدر في اللغة العربية يصير فعلا في اللغة الإندونيسية. مثال ذلك: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 2cm; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >"الاِطّلاع على الكتب الحديثة محتاج إليه" وترجمتها إلى اللغة الإندونيسية<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 2cm; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>"</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">menelaah buku-buku baru diperlukan</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 70.85pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>كلمة "الاِطّلاع" مصدر وكلمة "</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">menelaah</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>" فعل.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2). الفعل في اللغة العربية يكون صفة في اللغة الإندونيسية. والنموذج:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>"مرض الخادم"<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">pembantu itu <u>sakit</u></span><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 2cm; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>كلمة "مرض" فعل" وكلمة </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">sakit</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >صفة<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 42.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >د). مناقلة الوحدة اللغوية، إما من كلمة تركيب والعكس، وإما من تركيب إلى التَجَمُّعِ اللغوي والعكس، والمثال: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 63.75pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >النور<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">cahaya yang terang</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 63.75pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الاستخارة<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">sholat istikharah</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>(مرتضى، 1999: 73-74)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >5. التعديل (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">modulation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وقد تكون المناقلة تسبب تغير المعنى لتغير وجهة النظر. وهذا التغير يسمى بِــ "التعديل" </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">modulation</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;">)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. والفكرة بالتعديل تعتمد على نظر نيومارك (1988)، وقسّمه متشالي (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Machali</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) إلى التعديل الواجب والتعديل الحرّ. والتعديل الواجب معمول به إذا كانت الكلمة التعبير أو التركيب ليس لهامكافئة في لغة الهدف. والمثال:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أ). بناء المعلوم في لغة المصدر يكون بناء المجهول في لغة الهدف وعكسه. والمثال: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>"المباراة في كرة القدم يشتاق إليها كثير من الناس"، والترجمة إلى اللغة الإندونيسية هي: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">pertandingan sepakbola <u>diminati</u> banyak orang</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;">”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ب). ترجمة الكلمة التي لم يعبّر جميع معناها في لغة الهدف، وهي من ذات معنى خاصّ إلى ذات معنى عامّ. والمثال:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>عمّ<span style=""> </span>= <span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:13pt;">paman </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(أخو الأب الكبير أو الصغير)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>خال<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">paman</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> (أخو الأم الكبير أو الصغير)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والتعديل الحر يعمل به لعلة غير لغوية كتوضيح المعنى، وطلب المكافئ الجيد في لغة الهدف. وكالتبيين بالكتابة في لغة الهدف ما هو مضمر في لغة المصدر. ومثال ذلك ترجمة الآية 6 من سورة الزمر الآتية:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >لغة المصدر:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >... </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">†</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">’</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">G</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">é</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">z</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">.</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">i</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">,</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">z</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">’</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">;</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">M</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ß</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">;</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">]</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">O</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" >...</span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" lang="AR-SA" > </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >لغة الهدف: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 49.6pt 0.0001pt 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span>“Dia menjadikan kamu dalam perut ibumu kejadian demi kejadian dalam tiga kegelapan” (yakni selubung janin berupa kegelapan dalam perut, kegelapan dalam rahim dan kegelapan dalam selaput yang menutup janin dalam rahim)”</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" >.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>(مرتضى، 1999: 74-75)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >6. المقارنة بالسياق<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المقارنة بالسياق (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >contextual conditioning</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) هي وضع معلومات في السياق ليتضح المعنى للقارئين. وفي الترجمة، يلزم الاهتمام بمبدإ من مبادئ الاتصال ؛ أنه إذا كثر سياق خبر قلّ إمكان الخطإ قبول المعلومات. كترجمة الآية 115 من سورة البقرة الآتية:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">¬</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">-</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">±</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB3;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB3;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">></span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB3;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB3;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">'</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">—</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">§</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">V</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">_</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ž</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">c</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">™</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ò</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">O</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">æ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ê<span style="">Ê</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والترجمة إلى اللغة الإندونيسية "<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span>“Dan Kepunyaan Allah-lah timur dan barat, maka kemanapun kamu menghadap di situlah wajah Allah. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Luas (Rahmat-Nya) lagi Maha Mengetahui”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فسياق هذه الكلمة كما قال الطبري عن قوم لا يدركون جهة القبلة، فيصلّون مستقبلين جهات متفرقة (مرتضى، 1999: 75-76)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >7. المقارنة بالتعليق<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فإذا عجز جميع الإجراءات المذكورة عن تحصيل ترجمة جيدة، يمكننا أن نستخدم إجراء المقارنة بالتعليق. وبالخصوص ي ترجمة كلمة أو عبارة اللتان لم يوجد مكافئهما ألبتة في لغة الهدف، ككلمة </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >sarung</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أو </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >batik </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أو </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >gado-gado</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. فالترجمة إذن باستخدام إجراء المقارنة بالتعليق (إما كحاشية وإما كهامشة). ومثال ذلك:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>نص المصدر: "افتتح خادم الحرمين الشريفين الندوة العالمية لوزارة الحج والأوقاف"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>نص الهدف:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span>“Pelayan dua kota suci telah membuka pertemuan internasional kementerian Haji dan Waqaf”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >التعليق:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Pelayan dua kota suci adalah julukan raja Arab Saudi karena kebanggaannya terhadap kota Makkah dan Madinah<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>(مرتضى، 1999: 76)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>وما عدا تلك الإجراءات المذكورة، إجراءات أخرى كـــتحليل المكوّنات (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >component analysis</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)، والتعويض (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >compensation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) والتعريف (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >definition</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) وإعادة الصياغة (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >parafhrase</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) والتوسع (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >expansion</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) والاختزال (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >contraction</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) وغير ذلك من الإجراءات.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>وفي عملية الترجمة، قد يكون إجراء واحد يعجز عن حلّ إشكالية الترجمة، فحينئذ استخدم إجراءان أو أكثر معا. </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هـ. الفكرة في "الترجمة الصحيحة"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>الترجمة تشتمل على نوعين من المعرفة وهما: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1. كيف نفهم قرائن النص ومعانيه في لغة المصدر<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2. وكيف ننقل تلك القرائن والمعاني في لغة الهدف. (بيبانكو </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Vivanco</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، 1990)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فالمشكلة الأساسية في الترجمة هي طلب الكلمات المكافئة في لغة الهدف. فإذا وجدنا التكافؤ، فكل عنصر من العناصر اللغوية التي كافأناها لم يزل ينفتح لعدة تفاسير. وهكذا، فتعريف الترجمة الصحيحة يتعلق تعلقا شديدا بعوامل خارج النص. وتلك العوامل الخارجية، أولا، مصنف نص المصدر، الذي أثّرته تربيته ومراجعه أو غيرهما في كتابته. فكان في شبكة داخل النص.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والعامل الثاني، المترجم نفسه الذي في سعيٍ إلى نقل فكرة نص المصدر. فهو لا يخلو أيضا من تلك شبكة داخل النص. وله دور مهم في عملية الترجمة، إذ هو يختار بين أن يميل إلى لغة المصدر مع جميع مضموناتها أم إلى لغة لهدف مع جميع مضموناتها.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والعامل الثالث، معاشر القارئين الذين كانوا أيضا في شبكة داخل النص. فقد بدا لهم تفاسير متنوعة في النص الذي قرءوه. والعامل الرابع، اختلاف القاعدة أو العرف بين لغتي المصدر والهدف. والعامل الخامس، الثقافة التي عليها لغة المصدر.والعامل السادس، موضوع النص الذي قد يفهمه القارءون والمترجمون ما لا يريده مصنف نص المصدر. ومن ذلك نستخلص أن المترجم عليه مسؤولية كبيرة إذ لا بد له أن يفهم جو نص المصدر ومعاشر القارئين لنص المصدر. ولذلك لن نجد ترجمة صحيحة محضة ولا مخطئة بتة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فهذه النسبية في الترجمة الصحيحة تؤول إلى مشكلة في تقويم حاصل الترجمة. وقد فصل نيومارك هذه المشكلة بعرض أربع نظرات في حاصل الترجمة. الأولى، الترجمة كعلم (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >translation as</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:8pt;" > </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >science</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)، ففي هذه النظرة تحكم الترجم صحيحة أو مخطئة اعتمادا على المعايير اللغوية. فالخطأ في هذه النظرة مطلق. والثانية، الترجمة كخبرة (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >translation as craft</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>). وفي هذه النظرة لا يقال إلا أن الترجمة لها مفهوم أحسن من الأخرى. وهذه غير مطلقة. الثالثة، الترجمة كفنّ (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >translation as an art</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)، وهذه النظرة تتعلق بترجمة الرائعات الأدبية أو الأغنية الأجنبية. والرابعة، الترجمة كذوق (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >translation as a taste</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)، ففي هذه النظرة، الترجمة ينظر إليها كاختيار اعتمادا على الذوق اللغوي.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والحاصل، في واقعة النظرة الأولى تعتبر الأخطاء في الترجمة مطلقة. وأما في بقية النظرات فيلزم لنا أن نسأل علاّت المترجم في اختيار ترجمته (تريادي </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Taryadi</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، 2003).</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هـ. الأخطاء اللغوية وعواملها في الترجمة<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الأخطاء في اللغة الإنكليزية تسمى بـ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >error</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(إيجولس </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Echolls</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وشاديلي </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Shadily</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، 1996: 218، هودا في نور هادي ورُوحان، 1990: 57). أما كفارسكي </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Kiparsky </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فيسمي بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >goof</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، ودلاي </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Dulay</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >يسميها بـ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >goofing</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. وأما بورت </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Burt</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فهو يسميها بكليهما (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >goofing </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >و </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >goof</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)(نور هادي وريحان، 1990: 57). وفي اللغة الإندونيسية معروفة بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >kesalahan</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أو </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >kekhilafan</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Tim Balai Pustaka</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، 2001 : 982). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الأخطاء هي ما قاله متحدث لغة الهدف ولا يشعر أنه خاطئ حتى يصلحه بنفسه حالا (نبابان، 1998: 133) ورأى كوردير (في بارجا،1990: 94) أن الأخطاء تعتب انعكاسا لقدرة الدارس للُّغة الوسيطة وهي ترجع إلى الانحرافات المنظمة والمستمرة وتعتبر صورة كفاءة الدارس للغة الهدف في المرحلة المعينة. وهذه الأخطاء يسببها عدم معرفته لقواعد لغة الهدف (حميد، 1997 : 72) ويوافق هذا ما قاله صيني والأمين أن الأخطاء نوع من الأخطاء التي يخالف فيها المتكلم أو الكاتب قواعد اللغة (1982: 12).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>الخطأ إذن هو انحراف عما هو مقبول في اللغة حسب المقاييس التي يتبعها الناطقون بهذه اللغة (طعيمة، 1989: 53) ولقد قدمت للخطإ اللغوي تعريفات أخرى كثيرة تستخلص منها عدة مواصفات للاستجابة اللغوية حتى تعتبر خطأً منها:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1. مخالفة الاستجابة اللغوية الصادرة من الطالب لما ينبغي أن تكون عليه هذه الاستجابة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2. عدم مناسبة هذه الاستجابة في بعض المواقف<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >3. تكرار صدور هذه الاستجابة، فما يصدر مرة واحدة لا يعتبر خطأ وإنما يعتبر زلة أو هفوة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>و في ضوء هذا يمكن تعريف الخطإ اللغوي كما يلي: وهو أي صيغة لغوية تصدر من الطالب بشكل لا يوافق عليه المعلم. وذلك لمخالفة قواعد اللغة (طعيمة، 1989: 53). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>وعند تحليل الترجمة لا يخلو من إحدى العلاقات الآتية: وهي الفهم الصحيح مع النقل الصحيح، والفهم الصحيح مع النقل المخطئ، والفهم المخطئ مع النقل المخطئ، والفهم المخطئ مع النقل الصحيح. وستتضح هذه العلاقات بما يلي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1. الفهم الصحيح مع النقل الصحيح <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >قد فهم المترجم معاني نص المصدر فهما صحيحا، وقد نقلها في لغة الهدف نقلا صحيحا أيضا. وهذه ترجمة بلا خطإ. ومثالها ترجمة جملة "جاء فريد مع صديق له" بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Farid datang bersama seorang temannya</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2. الفهم الصحيح مع النقل المخطئ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وعني بهذا، أن الترجمة لها أخطاء من ناحية الكفائة الاتصالية في لغة الهدف، لا من ناحية الفهم المخطئ. ومثالها ترجمة نفس الجملة بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Datang Farid bersama seorang</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" > </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >teman kepunyaannya</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. فالترجمة بالحقيقة صحيحة من جانب معنى نص المصدر، ولكنها مخطئة من جانب قواعد لغة الهدف وقيودها.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >3. الفهم المخطئ مع النقل المخطئ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ففي هذه الواقعة، حصل المترجم على الترجمة التي لها أخطاء في مستويَين: الخطأ في فهم معاني نص المصدر وفي نقلها في لغة الهدف، نظرا إلى قواعد لغة الهدف. ومثالها ترجمة الجملة السابقة بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >berangkat Farid bersama saudara kepunyaannya</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. ففي هذه الترجمة وقعت الأخطاء في مستويين: أولا في فهم معنى نص المصدر وهو ترجمة كلمة "جاء" بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >berangkat</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وكلمة "صديق" </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >بــِ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >saudara</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. والثاني في صياغة لغة الهدف التي هي مخطئة وممنوعة نظرا إلى قواعدها وقيودها.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >4. الفهم المخطئ مع النقل المخطئ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >في هذه الواقعة، تقع الأخطاء في فهم معاني لغة المصدر. فصياغة الترجمة جيدة صحيحة حسب قواعد لغة الهدف. فإذا لم يقارَن بين نص المصدر ونص المصدر، لن يعلم أحد أن الترجمة بالحقيقة لا تُوفي الفكرة الأصلية لنص المصدر. ومثالها ترجمة تلك الجملة بـــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Farid berangkat bersama saudaranya</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. فالأخطاء تقع في فهم معنى نص المصدر لا في صياغة الجملة في لغة الهدف. فتكون الترجمة على هذا النوع "ضالّةً مضِلّةً.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>والأخطاء في الترجمة عند الطلاب يؤثرها أربعة عوامل آتية:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1. التداخل اللغوي من لغة المصدر على لغة الهدف.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2. الفهم السقيم عن لغة المصدر<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >3. نقصان كفاءة التعبير أو الاتصال في لغة الأم للمترجم<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >4. نقصان الاستيعاب على خلفية الخارج اللغوي (بيبانكو </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Vivanco</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، 1990).</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >و. الخلاصة<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>الترجمة هي </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >عملية استبدال نص في لغة معيّنة بنص آخر فى لغة أخرى (كاتفورد، 1964: 12). أو إنها نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى. ومعنى نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى، التعبير عن معناه بكلام آخر من لغة إلى أخرى، مع الوفاء بحميع معانيه ومقاصده (</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الزرقاني، 1996 ج.2: 120).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>أما طريقة الترجمة فهي طريقة مستخدمة لترجمة نص بالكلية من أوّله إلى آخره. فموضوع الطريقة هو النص الكليّ، وهي متعلّقة بمبادئَ تمسّك بها المترجمون حين يعبّرون عن نص المصدر. ولذلك قد يعنى بطريقة الترجمة،<span style=""> </span>مدخلا لحلّ مشكلات الترجمة (شهاب الدين، 2002 : 202).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وطريقة الترجمة التي تميل إلى لغة المصدر تنقسم إلى أربع طرائق. وهي الترجمة الأسطرية، والترجمة الحرفية، والترجمة الوفيّة، والترجمة الدلالية.و الطرائق التي تميل إلى لغة الهدف أيضا أربع. وهي التكيفية، والترجمة الحرّة والترجمة التعبيرية، والترجمة الاتصالية (نيومارك </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Newmark</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >،1988: 45-47).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ومن الإجراءات الأساسية التي قدمها نيومارك (1988: 81-93) هي، الإجراء الحرفي، وإجراء النقل والتجنيس، وإجراء التعادل الثقافي، وإجراء المناقلة، وإجراء التعديل، وإجراء </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المقارنة بالسياق، وإجراء </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المقارنة بالتعليق. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وما عدا تلك الإجراءات المذكورة، إجراءات أخرى كـــتحليل المكوّنات، والتعويض<span style=""> </span>والتعريف وإعادة الصياغة والتوسع<span style=""> </span>والاختزال<span style=""> </span>وغير ذلك من الإجراءات.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المراجع<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الزرقاني، محمد عبد العظيم، 1996، مناهل العرفان في علوم القرآن، ج.2، بيروت: دار الكتب العلمية<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >بيرت، مارينا. 1982. تحليل الأخطاء في صفوف تعليم الإنجليزية بوصفها لغة أجنبية للكبار في التقابل اللغوي وتحليل الأخطاء. الرياض: جامع الملك سعود.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ديدوي، محمد، 1992، علم الترجمة بين النظرية والتطبيق، تونس: دار المعارف<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >صيني، محمود إسماعيل ومحمد إسحاق الأمين.1982. التقابل اللغوي وتحليل الأخطاء. الرياض: جامعة الملك سعود.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >طعيمة، رشدي أحمد. 1989. تعليم اللغة العربية لغير الناطقين بها، منهج وأساليبه. الرياض منشورات المنظمة الإسلامية للتربية والعلوم الثقافة إيسيسكو-.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >كتفورد، جي سي، 1983، </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >A Linguistic Theory of Translation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، ترجمة عبد الباقي الصافي، نظرية لغوية للترجمة، البصرة: دار الكتب العلمية.</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >منظور، محمد بن كريم بن، 1992، لسان العرب، ج.12، بيروت: دار الكتب العلمية<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >نيومارك، بيتر، 1986، </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Approaches to Translation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، ترجمة محمود إسماعيل صيني، اتجاهات في الترجمة: جوانب من نظرية الترجمة، الرياض: دار المريخ للنشر</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>------، 1985، </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Approaches to Translation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، ترجمة محمود إسماعيل صيني، دليل المترجم، الرياض: دار العلوم<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Baradja, MF. 1990. <i>Kapita Selekta Pengajaran Bahasa. </i>Malang: IKIP Malang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Echols, Jhon M dan Hasan Shadily, 1996. <i>Kamus</i> <i>Inggris-Indonesia</i>, Jakarta: PT Gramedia<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Hamid, Fuad Abdul. 1987. Proses Belajar Mengajar Bahasa. Jakarta: P2LPTK Direktorat Pendidikan Tinggi Dep.Dik.Bud.</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Hoed, Benny Hoedoro dkk. 1993. Pengetahuan Dasar tentang Penerjemahan dalam Lintas Bahasa: Media Komunikasi Penerjemah. No. 1/7/1993. Jakarta: Pusat Penerjemahan Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia.</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Murtadho, Nurul. 1999. Metafora dalam al-Quran dan Terjemahannya dalam Bahasa Indonesia (Kajian atas Metafora Cahaya, Kegelapan dan Beberapa Sifat Allah). Disertasi. Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta: Tidak Diterbitkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Nababan, Sri Utami Subiyakto. 1993. <i>Metodologi Pengajaran Bahasa. </i>Jakarta: Tidak Diterbitkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Newmark, Peter, 1986, Approaches to Translation, Newyork: Pergamon Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >---------, 1988, A Textbook of Translation, Newyork: Prentice Hall.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Nurhadi dan Roekhan. (Ed). 1990. Dimensi-dimensi dalam Belajar Bahasa Kedua. Bandung: Sinar Baru Bandung YA3 Malang.</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Sadtono, 1985. Pedoman Penerjemahan, Jakarta: Pusat Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa.</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Syihabuddin, 2002. Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan Arab- Indonesia. Bandung: Proyek Peningkatan Penelitian Pendidikan Tinggi Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Taryadi, Alfons. 2003. Kritik Terjemahan di Indonesia. Makalah dalam Diskusi Himpunan Penerjemah Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Bhasawa Depdiknas.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Tim Balai Pustaka.2001. Kamus Bahasa Indonesia. Cet.III. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Vivanco, H., etc. 1990. Error Analysis in Translation: A Preliminary Report. Santiago: Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chili.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr width="33%" align="left" size="1"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Calibri;font-size:10pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Arial;"><span dir="RTL"></span>. </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="AR-SA">محاضر الترجمة وعلم الصرف في كلية التربية شعبة تعليم اللغة العربية بجامعة أنتساري الإسلامية الحكومية بنجر ماسين. وهو متخرج من نفس الجامعة عام 2001 م، ومن شعبة تعليم اللغة العربية للدراسات العليا بالجامعة الإسلامية مالنج عام 2004 م.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""></a><span style=";font-family:";" lang="AR-SA">كذا في الأصل عند مناهل الزرقاني، لكنّ الباحث أوّل "الترجمة الحرفية عند الزرقاني هذه بترجمة بين الأسطر. لأن تعريف الترجمة الحرفية عند العلماء المعاصرين مخالف تعريف الزرقاني كما سيتضح في بيان الترجمة الحرفية.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> </div> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-17566012206543970722009-10-14T01:23:00.002-07:002009-10-14T01:27:05.174-07:00terjemah<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CINTERN%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"DecoType Naskh"; 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الدراسة النظرية في الترجمة من العربية إلى الإندونيسية<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >إعداد: الحاجّ محمد شمس الدين نور<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Calibri;font-size:16pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >إن الترجمة إحدى المهارات الأساسية في تعليم اللغة العربية. وهي نقل الأفكار من لغة إلى أخرى. وكثيرا ما يجهله المرء دقائق لغة المصدر ولغة الهدف، فلا يستطيع عندئذ أن يقوم بترجمة صحيحة تكشف لقومه عن الكنوز الفكرية الموجودة في اللغة الأخرى. فلا بد من فهم نظريات الترجمة من طرائقها وإجراءاتها وكيفية تطبيقهن في الترجمة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الكلمات الرئيسية : الترجمة، طرائق الترجمة، إجراءات الترجمة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أ. تمهيد<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المهارات اللغوية تقليديا تشتمل على أربعة أنواع. وهي مهارة الاستماع لفهم اللغة المعبّرة شفهيا، ومهارة القراءة لفهم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 115%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >اللغة المستخدمة تحريريا، ومهارة الكلام للتعبير عن كل شيء شفهيّا، ومهارة الكتابة للتعبير عن كل شيء تحريريا.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فَبلاطّلاع على علاقة بين لغة وأخرى نجد مهارة خامسة وهي مهارة الترجمة. مهارة الترجمة هي مهارة نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى. ومعنى نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى، التعبير عن معناه بكلام آخر من لغة إلى أخرى، مع الوفاء بحميع معانيه ومقاصده. (انظر إلى الزرقاني1996 ج.2: 120)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >إن مهارة الترجمة مهارة أساسية.فهي وسيلة لعملية الاستبدال الثقافي والحضاري. وقد كتب التاريخ أن بداية تطور الحضارة الإسلامية هي من أنشطة ترجمة الروائع القديمة اليونانية، والفرسية، والهندية، والمصرية. وبعد فترة، تناولت الأوروبا الحضارة الإسلامية وانتقتها أيضا من أنشطة الترجمة (شهاب الدين، 2002 :1). ولن يتصور وجود الاستبدال الحضاري بدون مهارة الترجمة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -21.3pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ب. تعريف الترجمة</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >قدّم العلماء تعاريف وتحاديد كثيرة للترجمة. ففي اللغة الإندونيسية، كلمة "</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>”terjemah</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> مستعارة من اللغة العربية "تَرْجَمَ". واللغة العربية نفسها التقطها من اللغة الأرمنية "تُرْجُمَانٌ" (ديدوي، 1992: 37). وكلمة "تُرْجُمَان"، و"تَرْجَمَان" و"تَرْجُمَان" بمعنى واحد. وهو الذي يترجم الكلام أي ينقله من لغة إلى أخرى، والجمع "تَرَاجِمُ" (منظور، 1992، ج.12 :66). والزرقاني (1996، ج.2: 199-120) يقول إن الترجمة لغةً لها معان أربعة:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أولها، تبليغ الكلام لمن لم يبلغه. ومنه قول الشاعر:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>"إن الثمانين وبلغتها<span style=""> </span>قد أحوجت سمعي إلى ترجمان"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ثانيها، تفسير الكلام بلغته التي جاء بها. ومنه قيل في ابن عبّاس: إنه ترجمان القرآن. ولعل الزمخشري في كتابه أساس البلاغة يقصد هذا المعنى إذ يقول "كلّ ما ترجم عن حال شيء فهو تفسرته". ثالثها، تفسير الكلام بلغة غير لغته. وجاء في لسان العرب، وفي القاموس، أن الترجمان هو المفسّر للكلام. وقال شارح القاموس ما نصه"وقد ترجمه وترجم عنه إذا فسّر كلامه بلسان آخر قاله الجوهري" اهـ. وجاء في تفسير ابن كثير والبغوي أن كلمة "ترجمة" تستعمل في لغة العرب بمعنى "تبيين" مطلقا سواء اتحدّت اللغة أم اختلفت<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >رابعها، نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى. قال في لسان العرب: "الترجمان بالضمّ والفتح هو الذي يترجم الكلام أي ينقله من لغة إلى أخرى، والجمع تراجم. وشارح القاموس بعد أن أورد المعنى السابق في "ترجمة" و"ترجم عنه" قال: "وقيل نقله من لغة إلى أخرى". اهـ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>ولكون هذه المعاني الأربعة فيها بيان، جاز على التوسّع إطلاق الترجمة على كل ما فيه بيان مما عدا هذه الترجمة، فقيل ترجم لهذا الباب بكذا أي عنون له، وترجم لفلان أي بيّن تاريخه، وترجم حياته أي بيّن ما كان فيها، ترجمة هذا الباب كذا أي بيان المقصود منه، وهلمّ جرّاً.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>أما الترجمة اصطلاحا فعرّفها العلماء بعبارات شتّى. منها ما قاله كاتفورد </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Catford</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(1964: 12) إنها عملية استبدال نص في لغة معيّنة بنص آخر فى لغة أخرى. وأما الزرقانى (1996 ج.2: 120) فقال إنها نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى. ومعنى نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى، التعبير عن معناه بكلام آخر من لغة إلى أخرى، مع الوفاء بحميع معانيه ومقاصده. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>وإذا قارنــّا بين التعريفين وجدنا أن تعريف الزرقاني أجمع وأشمل لأنه يخرج عن معنى الترجمة مالا يوفي بحميع معانيه ومقاصده. فنقل الكلام من لغة إلى لغة إن لم يوفِ بجميع معاني لغة المصدر ومقاصدها لا يسمّى ترجمةً عند الزرقاني لكنه يسمّى ترجمة عند كاتفورد.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>واستمر الزرقانى (1996 ج.2 : 120 – 121 ) بيان الترجمة الاصطلاحية بأن يمكننا أن نعرّف الترجمة بعبارة مبسوطة فنقول: هي التعبير عن معنى كلام في لغة بكلام آخر من لغة آخرى مع الوفاء بجميع معانيه ومقاصده. فكلمة "التعبير" جنس، وما بعده من القيود فصل، وقولنا (عن معنى كلام) يخرج به التعبير عن المعنى القائم بالنفس حين يخرج في صورة اللفظ أول مرة. وقولنا (بكلام آخر) يخرج به التعبير عن المعنى بالكلام الآول نفسه، ولو تكرر ألف مرة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>وقولنا: (من لغة أخرى) يخرج به التفسير بلغة الأصل، ويخرج به أيضا التعبير بمرادف مكان مرادفه، أو بكلام بدل آخر مساوٍ له، على وجه لا تفسير فيه، واللغة واحدة في الجميع. وقولنا (مع الوفاء بجميع معاني الأصل ومقاصده)، يخرج به تفسير الكلام بلغة إلى غير لغته، فإن التفسير لا يشترط فيه الوفاء بكل معاني الأصل المفسّر ومقاصده، بل يكفي فيه البيان ولو من وجه.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>ومعاني الكلام هي كل معلومات تتعلق بكلام فهي إذن موضوعية. ويعني بذلك إن المعلومات في الكلام مفهومة منه وحده، بدون الاطّلاع على المتكلم به. وأما مقاصد الكلام فهي تعود إلى معلومات من ناحية المتكلم فهي إذن شخصيّة. فإذا سألنا أحد "كيف حالك؟"، مثلا، فمعنى هذا الكلام أنه يسأل عن حالنا، لكن المقصود من ذاك السؤال متنوّع، إمّا للمجاملة وإما لافتتاح الحوار وإما للمخاطبة. فعلى هذا التعريف يطلب من المترجم أن يوفي بجميع معاني لغة المصدر ومقاصدها (شهاب الدين، 2002 : 8).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>لا بد لتحقيق معنى الترجمة من أمور أربعة: أولها، معرفة المترجم لأوضاع اللغتين، لغة الأصل (لغة المصدر) ولغة الترجمة (لغة الهدف). وثانيها، معرفته لأساليبهما وخصائصهما. وثالثها، وفاء الترجمة بجميع معاني الأصل ومقاصده على وجه مطمئن. ورابعها، أن تكون صيغة الترجمة مستقلة عن الأصل بحيث يمكن أن يستغني بها عنه، وأن تحَلَّ محلّه، كأنه لا أصل هناك ولا فرع (الزرقاني، 1996، ج.2 : 123).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>نقل معاني لغة المصدر أمر مهم في الترجمة، وليس معنى هذا إلغاء أسلوب لغة الهدف تماما. وقد بيّن سدتونو </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Sadtono</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(1985 : 11) الأوليات التي عملها المترجم كما يلي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16pt;"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المكافئة من ناحية المعنى مقدّم عليها من ناحية المفردات</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16pt;"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المكافئة من ناحية المعنى مقدّم عليها من ناحية الأسلوب</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16pt;"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الأسلوب اللساني مقدّم على الأسلوب الكتابي</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16pt;"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الأسلوب الأسهل فهمه على القارئين مقدّم على الأسلوب ذي هيبة على نظر المترجم</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وهكذا، دلّ ذلك التعريف على أن الترجمة هي عملية اتصالية تورّط فيها أربعة وهي: أولاً: المصنّف الذي يعرض آراءه في لغة المصدر. وثانيا: المترجم الذي ينقل آراء المصنّف في لغة الهدف. وثالثا: القارئ الذي يقرأ تلك الآراء في لغة الهدف. ورابعا: تلك الآراء نفسها التي هي مركز اهتمام الأصناف الثلاثة المذكورة (شهاب الدين، 2002 : 8 – 9).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ج. طرائق الترجمة</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >طريقة الترجمة هي طريقة مستخدمة لترجمة نص بالكلية من أوّله إلى آخره. فموضوع الطريقة هو النص الكليّ، وهي متعلّقة بمبادئَ تمسّك بها المترجمون حين يعبّرون عن نص المصدر. ولذلك قد يعنى بطريقة الترجمة،<span style=""> </span>مدخلا لحلّ مشكلات الترجمة (شهاب الدين، 2002 : 202). وإن طريقة الترجمة في المراجع الغربية يُدرَس عليها وتقسَّم تفصيليا. كمثل نيومارك </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Newmark</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(1988: 45-47) الذي رأى أن طريقة الترجمة تختلف من ناحية ميلها، إما إلى لغة المصدر وإما إلى لغة الهدف. وطريقة الترجمة التي تميل إلى لغة المصدر تنقسم إلى أربع طرائق. وهي ما يلي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16pt;"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>ترجمة بين الأسطر </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(<i>One for One Translation</i>)</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الترجمة بهذه الطريقة يعمل حسب الكلمات. فالترحمة توضع تحت كل كلمة لغة المصدر. وترتيب لغة المصدر أيضا يُبقَى كأصله. والكلمة يترجم منها واحدة فواحدة بأعمّ المعنى بدون اهتمام بسياق استعمالها. والكلمة التي ظهرت فيها خصوصية لغة المصدر تبقى أيضا.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >إن هذه طريقة الترجمة تتوقف على أمرين: أحدها، وجود مفردات متساوية بين لغة الهدف والمصدر، حتى يمكن أن يحلّ كل مفردات من الترجمة مكان نظيرها في الأصل.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وثانيها، تشبُّه اللغتين في الضمائر المستترة، والراوبط التي تربط المفردات لتأليف التراكيب، سواء في هذا التشبه ذوات الروابط وأمكنتها. وإنما اشترط هذا التشبُّه، لأن محاكات هذه الترجمة لأصلها في ترتيبها تقتضيه.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ثم إن هذين الشرطين عسيران، وثانيهما أعسر من بالأول. فهيهات أن توجد في لغة الهدف مترادفات مساوية لجميع المترادفات في لغة المصدر. ثم هيهات أن تظفر بالتشبه بين اللغتين المنقول منها والمنقول إليها في الضمائر المستترة وفي دوام الروابط بين المترادفات لتأليف العبارات المركّبة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ومن أجل هذه العزة والندرة قال بعض العلماء: إن الترجمة الحرفية<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Calibri;font-size:16pt;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> مستحيلة. قال آخرون: إنها ممكنة في بعض الكلام دون بعض. (الزرقاني، 1996، ج.2: 123). لكننا نقول: إنّا نستخدم هذه الطريقة كالخطوة الأولى لترجمة النص الصعب المتعقد.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2. الترجمة الحرفية</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هذه الطريقة تنقل تركيب القواعد للغة المصدر إلى أقرب التركيب للغة الهدف. لكن كلمات لغة المصدر يترجم منها واحدة فواحدة بلا اهتمام بسياق استعمالها. وهذه الطريقة تراعي الأبنية النحوية للغة الهدف (نيومارك، 1988: 123). ونموذج الترجمة الحرفية كترجمة يسّين </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Jassin</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(1991: 348) للآية 29 من سورة الإسراء كما يلي:</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">8</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB3;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">'</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB3;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">’</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style=""><</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">É</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ý</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ý</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">·</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">‘</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ý</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">¤</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">C</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">Ò</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:13pt;" ><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Arial;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 21.25pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Jangan biarkan tanganmu terbelenggu pada lehermu, dan jangan pula kau ulurkan sejauh-jauhnya sehingga kau jadi tercela penuh penyesalan”</span><span style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >عبارة "جعل اليد مغلولة إلى العنق" كناية عن البخل والشح. وعبارة "البسط كل البسط" كناية عن من يعطي جميع ماله ولا يبقي لنفسه أو المبذّرين. فالمترجم لا يترجم معنى الكنايتين، بل يترجمهما كما كانتا حرفيّةً.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وكما أن ترجمة بين الأسطر، فهذه الطريقة أيضا تستخدم كالخطوة الأولى من عملية الترجمة خصوصا لترجمة النص الصعب المتعقّد.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >3. الترجمة الوفيّة </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(</span><i><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">faithful translation</span></i><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هذه الطريقة تسعى إلى نقل صورة لمعنى سياق لغة المصدر في تركيب لغة الهدف تماما. ولذلك، تنقل المترادفات الثقافية ويبقى ترتيب القواعد في الترجمة. وهذه الطريقة تسعى إلى الإيفاء بمقاصد المصنف إيفاء تامّا.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فهذه الطريقة أحرّ من الترجمة الحرفية بقليل. لأنها تهتمّ بمعنى سياق لغة المصدر. ومن أجل الإيفاء بمقاصد المصنّف في النصّ المترجَم منه، لا يزال هذا النوع من الترجمة شاذّاً وغريباً. ومثال ذلك عبارة "هو كثير الرماد". فمعنى هذه العبارة حرفيّة هي </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">ia banyak abunya</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. ويترجم منها بِــ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">ia dermawan karena banyak abunya</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. ظهر السعي إلى الإيفاء بلغة المصدر بإبقاء استعارة "كثير الرماد" </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">ia banyak abunya</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;">)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. وإن كانت الاستعارة معناها "سخيٌّ" في اللغة العربية، لكن الترجمة بإبقاء استعارة "كثير الرماد" شاذّة غريبة من ناحية اللغة الإندونيسية.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >4. الترجمة الدلالية</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >إن الفرق بين الترجمة الوفية والدلالية هو أن الترجمة الوفية قد تكون شاذّة ولا تتوافق مع قواعد لغة الهدف، وأما الترجمة الدلالية فلدنة لينة. فعبارة "كثير الرماد" يترجم منها بدلالتها وهي </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“ia seorang dermawan”</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. فاستعارة "كثير الرماد" لا يترجم حرفية ولكنها يترجم منها بدلالتها فحسب.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وما عدا تلك الطرائق الأربع التي تميل إلى لغة المصدر، هناك أربع أخرى التي تميل إلى لغة الهدف. ويعنى بهذا أن بجانب الاهتمام بنصّ المصدر، يحتاج المترجم إلى الاهتمام بأشياء أخرى ما تتعلق بلغة الهدف كـــَ (1) من قارئو حاصل الترجمة، أهم مهنيّون في فن مخصوص أم العوام. (2) هدف الترجمة، إما للهدف العلمي وإما لمجرد الرفاهية. (3) لياقة التحرير، هل لغة التحرير جاسئة أم لا ئقة (هود وأصحابه، 1993: 18).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وتلك الطرائق التي تميل إلى لغة الهدف هي كما يلي باستمرار الترقيم:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >5. الترجمة التكيفية<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هذه الترجمة أحرُّ ترجمة من طرائق الترجمة الأخرى. وهذه الترجمة تستخدم عادة لترجمة المسرحية أو الشعر مع إيفاء الموضوع والطبيعة والسيرة. لكنها تستبدل ثقافة لغة الهدف بثقافة لغة المصدر. والنموذج من استخدام هذه الترجمة، ترجمة هود وأصحابه (1993: 19) لقطعة الغناء الجاوي إلى اللغة الإنكليزية الآتية:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>لغة المصدر:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Mumpung padhang rembulane<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Mumpung jhembar kalangane<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:12pt;">(surake surak horee) </span><span style="font-size:16pt;">(</span><span dir="RTL" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >لا يترجم منه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >لغة الهدف :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">While the moonlight is very bright<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وإذا تكيفنا تلك الترجمة إلى اللغة العربية، ترجمنا منها بعبارة "حينما أنارنا بدرنا". تصف لغة المصدر الثقافية الجاوية من حيث أثر البدر في أهل قرية من قرى جاوية (الذين ربما يسكنون في ظلمة)، حتى أنهم لا يكتفون بوصف "نور البدر" </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">padhang rembulane</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" > فقط. بل يصفون أيضا "عرض استدارة نور البدر" (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">jembhar kalangane</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>). وفي آخر كل بيت من البيتين صَوْتُ </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(e)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. والترجمة إلى اللغة الإنكليزية لا تستطيع أن تصف نفس الثقافة، فتحتاج إذن إلى التكيف. وحاصل الترجمة في اللغة الإنكليزية يدل على وصف معتدل في جملة واحدة، وتسوية صوت </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“ait”</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> في كلمة </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">light</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >و </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">bright</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. وكذا الترجمة إلى اللغة العربية لا تستطيع أن تصف نفس الثقافة، فحاصل الترجمة في اللغة العربية يدل على وصف معتدل في جملة واحدة وتسوية صوت (نا) في كلمتي "أنارنا" و "بدرنا". ففي الثقافة العربية، البدر معناه "القمر الكامل" ولهم عبارة أخرى يصفون بها عن القمر وهي "هلال" (القمر الأول)، ومحاق (القمر الآخر) (مرتضى، 1999: 67-68).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:1pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >6. الترجمة الحرّة<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هذه الترجمة تفضّل معنى لغة المصدر على أسلوبها وشكلها. فمعنى لغة المصدر منقول إلى لغة الهدف بأسلوبها المختلف. وشكل هذه الترجمة عادة، إعادة الصياغة (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">parafhrase</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) التي هي أطول من النص المترجم منه أو أقصر. وهذه الترجمة عادة مستخدمة في وسائل الإعلام. ويليه النموذج من هذه الترجمة الحرّة:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >لغة المصدر : (اللقاء، يناير – فبراير، 1993) "الوجه الجديد عاصمة ألمانيا"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ترجمة العبارة حرفية هي "</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">wajah baru ibu kota Jerman</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >لغة الهدف: (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">scala</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، فبراير، 1993)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:15pt;" lang="AR-SA" >"</span><span dir="LTR" style="">Pembaruan Wilayah Pemerintahan Ibukota Baru (lama) Jerman-Berlin</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:15pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >التعليق: "اللقاء" اسم مجلة عربية مطبوعة ومنشورة في ألمانيا، </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" >و</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">scala</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >اسم مجلة طبعها ونشرها سفارة الجمهورية الفدرالية الألمانية في إندونيسيا باللغة الإندونيسية.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >7. الترجمة التعبيرية/الاصطلاحية (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">idiomatic translation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >تستهدف هذه الترجمة نقل صورة لمعنى لغة المصدر، مستخدما تعبيرات اصطلاحية اللاموجودة في لغة المصدر، فكثيرا ما يقع التحريف في المعنى. وكم من مترجمين مهنِيِّيْنَ يفضلون هذه الترجمة على غيرها كمثل سالسكوبتج </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">seleskovitch</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، الذي اعتبرها "حيّة" و"طبيعية". ومثال ذلك<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><i><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Ill-gotten gains never prosper<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المال الحرام لا يدوم<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Harta haram tak akan bertahan lama</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >8. الترجمة الاتصالية (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">communicative translation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هذه الترجمة تسعى إلى نقل صورة لمعنى سياق لغة المصدر حتّى يفهم القارءون حاصل الترجمة مباشرة من ناحية اللغة ومن ناحية المعنى معا. واهتمت هذه الترجمة بمبادئ الاتصال وهي معاشر القارئين وأهداف الترجمة. ولذلك، قد يكون نص واحد يترجم منه بأنواع الترجمة في لغة الهدف مناسبة بمبادئ الاتصال السابق. ومثال ذلك: تركيب "الحيي المنوي" يترجم منه بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">spermatozoon</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> لعلماء الأحياء (البيولوجيون) أو بــِ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">air mani</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> لعامّة القارئين. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فإذا قيل أي طريقة من طرائق الترجمة هي أحسنها نجيب إنه لا طريقة من طرائق الترجمة هي أحسن مما سواها. فإن لكل منها مزيةً مناسبة بمشكلات توجهها المترجم وملائما بأهداف الترجمة. لكن على العمون، نستطيع أن نقول إن أحسن الطريقة هي ما بين الحرفية المجرّدة والحرة المفرطة. فإذا كانت الترجمة حرفية مجردة، صعب على القارئين فهمها، وإذا كانت حرة مفرطة، ضاع كثير من جو نص المصدر، وهو مهم لزيادة البيان عن الموضوع والمبحث قدمهما المصنف.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >د. إجراءات الترجمة<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >إن الفرق بين الطريقة والإجراء في موضوعهما. أما الطريقة فموضوعها النص بالكلية، وأما الإجراء فموضوعه الجملة كأصغر وحدة في الترجمة. وهذه الجملة قطعة من النص. والمساواة بينهما أنهما مدخل يستخدمه المترجم للحلول عن مشكلات الترجمة، إلا أن الطريقة مستخدمة كمبدإ عامّ لترجمة نص بالكلية. وأن الإجراء فيه أطوار في حَلِّ مشكلات الترجمة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>ومن أجل أن موضوع الإجراء هو الجملة وهي نفسها متنوعة، فليس من العجيب إذا وجدنا إجراءات كثيرة متنوعة. ورغم أن الإجراءات كثيرة، هناك أنواع منها تعتبر أساسية وكثر استخدامها. ومن الإجراءات الأساسية التي قدمها نيومارك (1988: 81-93) ما يلي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1. الإجراء الحرفي<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >يستخدم هذا الإجراء إذا تكافأ معنى لغة المصدر ولغة الهدف وتلك الكلمة تشير إلى شيء سوي. وموضوع هذا الإجراء واسع وهو ترجمة حرف بحرف، وتركيب بتركيب، والتجمع اللغوي بالتجمع اللغوي، وجملة بجملة, لكن إذا طالت وحدة الترجمة صعب استخدام هذا الإجراء. ونموذج استخدام الإجراء الحرفي ما يلي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >"وكما أن القشرة السفلى ظاهرة النفع بالإضافة إلى القشرة العليا فإنها تصون اللب وتحرسه عن الفساد عند الادّخار وإذا فصلت أمكن أن ينتفع بها خطبا لكنها نازلة القدر إلى اللب وكذلك مجرد الاعتقاد من غير كشف كثير النفع بالإضافة إلى مجرد نطق اللسان ناقص القدر بالإضافة إلى الكشف والمشاهدة التي تحصل بانشراح الصدر وانفساحه وإشراق نور الحق فيه".<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span>“Sebagaimana kulit terbawah itu tampak manfaatnya dengan dikaitkan kepada kulit yang teratas, maka ia menjaga isi dan memeliharanya dari kerusakan ketika disimpan. Apabila dipisahkan, niscaya mungkin dimanfaatkan untuk kayu api. Akan tetapi, turun kadarnya dengan dikaitkan kepada isi. Begitu juga, semata-mata I’tiqad tanpa tesingkap banyaknya manfaat, dengan dikaitkan kepada semata-mata penuturan lisan itu kurang kadarnya dengan dikaitkan kepada tersingkap dan penyaksian yang berhasil dengan terbukanya dada dan kelapangannya, tersinarnya nur kebenaran padanya</span><span style="font-size:10pt;">.” </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >(Terjemahan Ihya’ al-Ghazali</span><span style="font-size:14pt;">, </span><span style="font-size:12pt;">1981</span><span style="font-size:14pt;">, </span><span style="">VII: 283</span><span style="font-size:14pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والنموذج يدل على أن المترجم ينقل نص المصدر إلى نص الهدف حرفيا، حرفا بحرف كترجمة جميع حرف "إلى" بــِ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">kepada</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، وكلمةً بكلمةٍ كترجمة كلمة "الكشف" بـــِ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">tersingkap</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، و"المشاهدة" بــِ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">penyaksian</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، وتركيبا بتركيب كترجمة "مجرد الاعتقاد" بــِ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">semata-mata</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">iktikad</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، والتجمع اللغوي بالتجمع اللغوي كترجمة "</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والمشاهدة التي تحصل بانشراح الصدر" بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;">dan </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">penyaksian yang berhasil dengan terbukanya dada</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، مهملا هل الترتيب مقبول في لغة الهدف أم غير مقبول. والعاقبة، ظهرت المشقة في فهم الجملة الآخرة وهي<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Begitu juga, semata-mata I’tiqad tanpa tesingkap banyaknya manfaat, dengan dikaitkan kepada semata-mata penuturan lisan itu kurang kadarnya dengan dikaitkan kepada tersingkap dan penyaksian yang berhasil dengan terbukanya dada dan kelapangannya, tersinarnya nur kebenaran padanya”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والترجمة بالحقيقة صحيحة لأن نص المصدر قد عبر في نص الهدف. لكنها غربية وغير واضحة لوجود التراكيب الشاذّة أو المجهولة في لغة الهدف كتركيب </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">semata-mata</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">iktikad</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، و </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">semata-mata penuturan lisan</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، و </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">dikaitkan kepada tersingkap</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">dan</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">penyaksian</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> و </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">tersinarnya nur kebenaran</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وبديل ترجمة النص السابق ما يلي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Meskipun kulit terdalam itu lebih bermanfaat<span style=""> </span>daripada kulit luar karena dapat melindungi dan menjaga isi dari kerusakan saat disimpan, misalnya dapat dijadikan kayu bakar setelah dikupas, tetapi nilainya bila dibandingkan dengan isi sangat kurang. Demikian pula keyakinan semata yang tidak melahirkan banyaknya manfaat kecuali sebatas tuturan lisan adalah lebih rendah nilainya bila dibandingkan dengan <i>mukasyafah </i>dan <i>musyahadah </i>yang diraih melalui kelapangan dan keterbukaan hati serta terbitnya cahaya kebenaran dalam dada.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-size:14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ورغم أن هذا الإجراء الحرفي يعجز عن تحصيل ترجمة واضحة، لكنه ليس في إلغاء استخدامه من سبيل. ولا سيما في ترجمة النص المستخدمة الطريقة الوفية والدلالية. وهذا الإجراء استخدمه المترجم إذا وجد تركيب النص الصعب فاحتاج إلى تحليل بنائي وتحليل دلاليّ. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ولذلك إذا وجد المترجم استعارات وأمثالا وعبارات شاذة، لزمه استخدام إجراء آخرَ (شهاب الدين، 2002: 67-69).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2. إجراء النقل والتجنيس (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Transfer and Naturalization</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >النقل هو إجراء نقل وحدة لغوية من لغة المصدر إلى لغة الهدف بالتقابل الحرفي. والأشياء التي تنقل عادة هي اسم شخص وجغرافيّ، واسم صحيفة ومجلة وجريدة ورائعة أدبية ومسراحية واسم مؤسسة أهلية وحكومية واسم المجتمع وغير ذلك. وفي نص أدبي وإعلانيّ، كثيرا ما تنقل الكلمات الثقافية لجلب اهتمام القارئين ولتقدير ثفافة لغة المصدر. ويليه نموذج استخدام إجراء النقل وتنسيب العبارة المنقولة بطبيعة لغة الهدف كما لاح في كل كلمة تحتها خط في نص المصدر والمطبوع بالإمالة في ترجمته.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >"وقد تأثر بعض <u>المسلمين</u> فظهر من يزعم أنه لا بد من تطبيق نقد النص على <u>القرآن</u> <u>الكريم</u> ومن هؤلاء <u>محمد</u> <u>أركون</u> في الجامعات الفرنسية، <u>وفضل</u> <u>الرحمن</u> الذي يرأس قسم الدراسة <u>الإسلامية</u> في جامعة <u>أمريكية</u>".</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Sebagian kaum <i>muslimin</i> benar-benar terpengaruh. Maka muncullah orang yang berpendapat bahwa aflikasi kritik teks terhadap <i>al-Quranul</i> <i>Karim</i> merupakan satu keniscayaan. Diantara mereka yang terpengaruh ialah <i>Muhammad Arkoun</i> yang mengajar di beberapa Universitas <i>Perancis</i> dan <i>Fazlurrahman</i> yang menjadi ketua jurusan studi <i>Islam</i> di Universitas <i>Amerika.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وفي النموذج ظهر أن المترجم يلائم الكلمة المنقولة بنظام التلفظ والتصريف عند لغة الهدف، فتكون الترجمة مناسبة بلغة الهدف. (شهاب الدين، 2002: 70-71)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >3. إجراء التعادل الثقافي<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >في هذا الإجراء، الكلمة الثقافية في لغة المصدر يترجم منها بالكلمة الثقافية في لغة الهدف. واستخدام هذا الإجراء محدود، وهذا لعدم التساوي بين ثقافتين. وما يلي نموذج استخدام إجراء التعادل الثقافي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >"وقام عبد المؤمن ببناء خمسة أحزمة أمنية حول معسكره"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Abdul Mu’min membangun lima <u>ikat pinggang pengaman</u> di sekitar kamp militernya”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ظهر أن المترجم يسعى إلى تصوير العبارة الثقافية "أحزمة أمنية" بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">ikat pinggang</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">pengaman</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. لكن، هذا الإجراء يمحو جو الثقافة في الكلمة المترجمة منها لأن التصوير غير شائع في لغة الهدف. وفي الكلام الإندونيسي تعرف عبارة "</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">sabuk pengaman</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>" لتصوير شيء كحبل ينتفع به لحرس الأمن. ولذلك ترجمت كلمة "أحزمة أمنية" بــِ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">sabuk pengaman</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> (شهاب الدين، 2002: 71-72).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >4. إجراء المناقلة (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">transposition</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المناقلة هي استبدال وحدة نحوية بأخرى (نيومارك، 1981: 66) وهناك أربعة أنواع من المناقلة وهي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أ). المناقلة الواجبة التلقائية من أجل النظام اللغوي والنحوي. وفي هذا، ليس للمترجم في إلغاء استخدام هذه المناقلة الواجبة من سبيل. وإجراء المناقلة الواجبة التلقائية في ترجمة اللغة العربية إلى الإندونيسية وعكسها نوعان، وهما:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1). صيغة الجمع بعد العدد في اللغة العربية تكون مفردا في اللغة الإندونيسية. والمثال:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>ثلاثة كتب<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">tiga buah buku</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>وليس </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">tiga buah buku-buku</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 70.85pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أربع مدارس<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">empat buah sekolah</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><span lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 70.85pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وليس<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="">empat buah sekolah-sekolah</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>2). تكرار النعت أو الصفة في اللغة الإندونيسية الذي معناه يدل على تنوعيته، يكون جمع الموصوف في اللغة العربية، والمثال</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.6pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=""> </span>“</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">gedung di Jakarta bagus-bagus</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;">”</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> =<span style=""> </span>تكون المباني بجاكرتا ضخمة"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ب). المناقلة من أجل أن الوحدة النحوية في لغة المصدر غير موجودة في لغة الهدف. ومثال ذلك تقديم الفعل على الفاعل، المسمى بالجملة الفعلية فهي غير موجودة في اللغة الإندونيسية، والمثال:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>"بكى الولد"<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“anak itu menangis”</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>"جاء الأستاذ"<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Profesor telah datang”</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>ولا يجوز في اللغة الإندونيسية تركيب "</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">menangis anak itu</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>" ولا </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">telah datang profesor itu</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;">”</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ج). المناقلة لتطبيع التعبير، وإن أمكن استخدام الإجراء الحرفي حسب القواعد. والنموذج:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1). المصدر في اللغة العربية يصير فعلا في اللغة الإندونيسية. مثال ذلك: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 2cm; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >"الاِطّلاع على الكتب الحديثة محتاج إليه" وترجمتها إلى اللغة الإندونيسية<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 2cm; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>"</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">menelaah buku-buku baru diperlukan</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 70.85pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>كلمة "الاِطّلاع" مصدر وكلمة "</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">menelaah</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>" فعل.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2). الفعل في اللغة العربية يكون صفة في اللغة الإندونيسية. والنموذج:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2cm; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>"مرض الخادم"<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">pembantu itu <u>sakit</u></span><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 2cm; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>كلمة "مرض" فعل" وكلمة </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">sakit</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >صفة<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 42.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >د). مناقلة الوحدة اللغوية، إما من كلمة تركيب والعكس، وإما من تركيب إلى التَجَمُّعِ اللغوي والعكس، والمثال: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 63.75pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >النور<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">cahaya yang terang</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 63.75pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الاستخارة<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">sholat istikharah</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>(مرتضى، 1999: 73-74)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >5. التعديل (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">modulation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وقد تكون المناقلة تسبب تغير المعنى لتغير وجهة النظر. وهذا التغير يسمى بِــ "التعديل" </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">modulation</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;">)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. والفكرة بالتعديل تعتمد على نظر نيومارك (1988)، وقسّمه متشالي (</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Machali</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) إلى التعديل الواجب والتعديل الحرّ. والتعديل الواجب معمول به إذا كانت الكلمة التعبير أو التركيب ليس لهامكافئة في لغة الهدف. والمثال:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أ). بناء المعلوم في لغة المصدر يكون بناء المجهول في لغة الهدف وعكسه. والمثال: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>"المباراة في كرة القدم يشتاق إليها كثير من الناس"، والترجمة إلى اللغة الإندونيسية هي: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">pertandingan sepakbola <u>diminati</u> banyak orang</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:16pt;">”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ب). ترجمة الكلمة التي لم يعبّر جميع معناها في لغة الهدف، وهي من ذات معنى خاصّ إلى ذات معنى عامّ. والمثال:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>عمّ<span style=""> </span>= <span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:13pt;">paman </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:13pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(أخو الأب الكبير أو الصغير)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>خال<span style=""> </span>=<span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">paman</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span> (أخو الأم الكبير أو الصغير)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والتعديل الحر يعمل به لعلة غير لغوية كتوضيح المعنى، وطلب المكافئ الجيد في لغة الهدف. وكالتبيين بالكتابة في لغة الهدف ما هو مضمر في لغة المصدر. ومثال ذلك ترجمة الآية 6 من سورة الزمر الآتية:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >لغة المصدر:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 49.6pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >... </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">†</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">’</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">G</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">é</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">z</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">.</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">i</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">‰</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">,</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">z</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">’</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">;</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">M</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ß</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">;</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">]</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">O</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" >...</span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" lang="AR-SA" > </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >لغة الهدف: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin: 0cm 49.6pt 0.0001pt 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span>“Dia menjadikan kamu dalam perut ibumu kejadian demi kejadian dalam tiga kegelapan” (yakni selubung janin berupa kegelapan dalam perut, kegelapan dalam rahim dan kegelapan dalam selaput yang menutup janin dalam rahim)”</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" >.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>(مرتضى، 1999: 74-75)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >6. المقارنة بالسياق<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المقارنة بالسياق (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >contextual conditioning</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) هي وضع معلومات في السياق ليتضح المعنى للقارئين. وفي الترجمة، يلزم الاهتمام بمبدإ من مبادئ الاتصال ؛ أنه إذا كثر سياق خبر قلّ إمكان الخطإ قبول المعلومات. كترجمة الآية 115 من سورة البقرة الآتية:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">¬</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">-</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">±</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB3;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB3;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">></span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">�</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB3;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB3;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ƒ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">'</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">—</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">?</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">§</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">V</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">_</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ž</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">c</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">™</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ò</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">O</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Š</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB4;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB5;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB1;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">æ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Ê<span style="">Ê</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:HQPB2;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:9pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والترجمة إلى اللغة الإندونيسية "<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span>“Dan Kepunyaan Allah-lah timur dan barat, maka kemanapun kamu menghadap di situlah wajah Allah. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Luas (Rahmat-Nya) lagi Maha Mengetahui”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فسياق هذه الكلمة كما قال الطبري عن قوم لا يدركون جهة القبلة، فيصلّون مستقبلين جهات متفرقة (مرتضى، 1999: 75-76)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >7. المقارنة بالتعليق<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فإذا عجز جميع الإجراءات المذكورة عن تحصيل ترجمة جيدة، يمكننا أن نستخدم إجراء المقارنة بالتعليق. وبالخصوص ي ترجمة كلمة أو عبارة اللتان لم يوجد مكافئهما ألبتة في لغة الهدف، ككلمة </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >sarung</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أو </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >batik </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أو </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >gado-gado</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. فالترجمة إذن باستخدام إجراء المقارنة بالتعليق (إما كحاشية وإما كهامشة). ومثال ذلك:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>نص المصدر: "افتتح خادم الحرمين الشريفين الندوة العالمية لوزارة الحج والأوقاف"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>نص الهدف:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="LTR"></span>“Pelayan dua kota suci telah membuka pertemuan internasional kementerian Haji dan Waqaf”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >التعليق:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Pelayan dua kota suci adalah julukan raja Arab Saudi karena kebanggaannya terhadap kota Makkah dan Madinah<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>(مرتضى، 1999: 76)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>وما عدا تلك الإجراءات المذكورة، إجراءات أخرى كـــتحليل المكوّنات (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >component analysis</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)، والتعويض (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >compensation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) والتعريف (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >definition</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) وإعادة الصياغة (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >parafhrase</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) والتوسع (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >expansion</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) والاختزال (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >contraction</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>) وغير ذلك من الإجراءات.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>وفي عملية الترجمة، قد يكون إجراء واحد يعجز عن حلّ إشكالية الترجمة، فحينئذ استخدم إجراءان أو أكثر معا. </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هـ. الفكرة في "الترجمة الصحيحة"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>الترجمة تشتمل على نوعين من المعرفة وهما: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1. كيف نفهم قرائن النص ومعانيه في لغة المصدر<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2. وكيف ننقل تلك القرائن والمعاني في لغة الهدف. (بيبانكو </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Vivanco</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، 1990)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فالمشكلة الأساسية في الترجمة هي طلب الكلمات المكافئة في لغة الهدف. فإذا وجدنا التكافؤ، فكل عنصر من العناصر اللغوية التي كافأناها لم يزل ينفتح لعدة تفاسير. وهكذا، فتعريف الترجمة الصحيحة يتعلق تعلقا شديدا بعوامل خارج النص. وتلك العوامل الخارجية، أولا، مصنف نص المصدر، الذي أثّرته تربيته ومراجعه أو غيرهما في كتابته. فكان في شبكة داخل النص.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والعامل الثاني، المترجم نفسه الذي في سعيٍ إلى نقل فكرة نص المصدر. فهو لا يخلو أيضا من تلك شبكة داخل النص. وله دور مهم في عملية الترجمة، إذ هو يختار بين أن يميل إلى لغة المصدر مع جميع مضموناتها أم إلى لغة لهدف مع جميع مضموناتها.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والعامل الثالث، معاشر القارئين الذين كانوا أيضا في شبكة داخل النص. فقد بدا لهم تفاسير متنوعة في النص الذي قرءوه. والعامل الرابع، اختلاف القاعدة أو العرف بين لغتي المصدر والهدف. والعامل الخامس، الثقافة التي عليها لغة المصدر.والعامل السادس، موضوع النص الذي قد يفهمه القارءون والمترجمون ما لا يريده مصنف نص المصدر. ومن ذلك نستخلص أن المترجم عليه مسؤولية كبيرة إذ لا بد له أن يفهم جو نص المصدر ومعاشر القارئين لنص المصدر. ولذلك لن نجد ترجمة صحيحة محضة ولا مخطئة بتة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فهذه النسبية في الترجمة الصحيحة تؤول إلى مشكلة في تقويم حاصل الترجمة. وقد فصل نيومارك هذه المشكلة بعرض أربع نظرات في حاصل الترجمة. الأولى، الترجمة كعلم (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >translation as</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:8pt;" > </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >science</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)، ففي هذه النظرة تحكم الترجم صحيحة أو مخطئة اعتمادا على المعايير اللغوية. فالخطأ في هذه النظرة مطلق. والثانية، الترجمة كخبرة (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >translation as craft</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>). وفي هذه النظرة لا يقال إلا أن الترجمة لها مفهوم أحسن من الأخرى. وهذه غير مطلقة. الثالثة، الترجمة كفنّ (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >translation as an art</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)، وهذه النظرة تتعلق بترجمة الرائعات الأدبية أو الأغنية الأجنبية. والرابعة، الترجمة كذوق (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >translation as a taste</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)، ففي هذه النظرة، الترجمة ينظر إليها كاختيار اعتمادا على الذوق اللغوي.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >والحاصل، في واقعة النظرة الأولى تعتبر الأخطاء في الترجمة مطلقة. وأما في بقية النظرات فيلزم لنا أن نسأل علاّت المترجم في اختيار ترجمته (تريادي </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Taryadi</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، 2003).</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >هـ. الأخطاء اللغوية وعواملها في الترجمة<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الأخطاء في اللغة الإنكليزية تسمى بـ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >error</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(إيجولس </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Echolls</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وشاديلي </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Shadily</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، 1996: 218، هودا في نور هادي ورُوحان، 1990: 57). أما كفارسكي </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Kiparsky </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فيسمي بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >goof</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، ودلاي </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Dulay</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >يسميها بـ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >goofing</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. وأما بورت </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Burt</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فهو يسميها بكليهما (</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >goofing </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >و </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >goof</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>)(نور هادي وريحان، 1990: 57). وفي اللغة الإندونيسية معروفة بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >kesalahan</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أو </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >kekhilafan</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >(</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Tim Balai Pustaka</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، 2001 : 982). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الأخطاء هي ما قاله متحدث لغة الهدف ولا يشعر أنه خاطئ حتى يصلحه بنفسه حالا (نبابان، 1998: 133) ورأى كوردير (في بارجا،1990: 94) أن الأخطاء تعتب انعكاسا لقدرة الدارس للُّغة الوسيطة وهي ترجع إلى الانحرافات المنظمة والمستمرة وتعتبر صورة كفاءة الدارس للغة الهدف في المرحلة المعينة. وهذه الأخطاء يسببها عدم معرفته لقواعد لغة الهدف (حميد، 1997 : 72) ويوافق هذا ما قاله صيني والأمين أن الأخطاء نوع من الأخطاء التي يخالف فيها المتكلم أو الكاتب قواعد اللغة (1982: 12).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>الخطأ إذن هو انحراف عما هو مقبول في اللغة حسب المقاييس التي يتبعها الناطقون بهذه اللغة (طعيمة، 1989: 53) ولقد قدمت للخطإ اللغوي تعريفات أخرى كثيرة تستخلص منها عدة مواصفات للاستجابة اللغوية حتى تعتبر خطأً منها:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1. مخالفة الاستجابة اللغوية الصادرة من الطالب لما ينبغي أن تكون عليه هذه الاستجابة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2. عدم مناسبة هذه الاستجابة في بعض المواقف<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >3. تكرار صدور هذه الاستجابة، فما يصدر مرة واحدة لا يعتبر خطأ وإنما يعتبر زلة أو هفوة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>و في ضوء هذا يمكن تعريف الخطإ اللغوي كما يلي: وهو أي صيغة لغوية تصدر من الطالب بشكل لا يوافق عليه المعلم. وذلك لمخالفة قواعد اللغة (طعيمة، 1989: 53). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>وعند تحليل الترجمة لا يخلو من إحدى العلاقات الآتية: وهي الفهم الصحيح مع النقل الصحيح، والفهم الصحيح مع النقل المخطئ، والفهم المخطئ مع النقل المخطئ، والفهم المخطئ مع النقل الصحيح. وستتضح هذه العلاقات بما يلي:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1. الفهم الصحيح مع النقل الصحيح <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >قد فهم المترجم معاني نص المصدر فهما صحيحا، وقد نقلها في لغة الهدف نقلا صحيحا أيضا. وهذه ترجمة بلا خطإ. ومثالها ترجمة جملة "جاء فريد مع صديق له" بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Farid datang bersama seorang temannya</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2. الفهم الصحيح مع النقل المخطئ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وعني بهذا، أن الترجمة لها أخطاء من ناحية الكفائة الاتصالية في لغة الهدف، لا من ناحية الفهم المخطئ. ومثالها ترجمة نفس الجملة بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Datang Farid bersama seorang</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" > </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >teman kepunyaannya</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. فالترجمة بالحقيقة صحيحة من جانب معنى نص المصدر، ولكنها مخطئة من جانب قواعد لغة الهدف وقيودها.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >3. الفهم المخطئ مع النقل المخطئ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ففي هذه الواقعة، حصل المترجم على الترجمة التي لها أخطاء في مستويَين: الخطأ في فهم معاني نص المصدر وفي نقلها في لغة الهدف، نظرا إلى قواعد لغة الهدف. ومثالها ترجمة الجملة السابقة بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >berangkat Farid bersama saudara kepunyaannya</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. ففي هذه الترجمة وقعت الأخطاء في مستويين: أولا في فهم معنى نص المصدر وهو ترجمة كلمة "جاء" بــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >berangkat</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وكلمة "صديق" </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >بــِ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >saudara</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. والثاني في صياغة لغة الهدف التي هي مخطئة وممنوعة نظرا إلى قواعدها وقيودها.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >4. الفهم المخطئ مع النقل المخطئ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >في هذه الواقعة، تقع الأخطاء في فهم معاني لغة المصدر. فصياغة الترجمة جيدة صحيحة حسب قواعد لغة الهدف. فإذا لم يقارَن بين نص المصدر ونص المصدر، لن يعلم أحد أن الترجمة بالحقيقة لا تُوفي الفكرة الأصلية لنص المصدر. ومثالها ترجمة تلك الجملة بـــ </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Farid berangkat bersama saudaranya</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>. فالأخطاء تقع في فهم معنى نص المصدر لا في صياغة الجملة في لغة الهدف. فتكون الترجمة على هذا النوع "ضالّةً مضِلّةً.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>والأخطاء في الترجمة عند الطلاب يؤثرها أربعة عوامل آتية:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >1. التداخل اللغوي من لغة المصدر على لغة الهدف.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >2. الفهم السقيم عن لغة المصدر<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >3. نقصان كفاءة التعبير أو الاتصال في لغة الأم للمترجم<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >4. نقصان الاستيعاب على خلفية الخارج اللغوي (بيبانكو </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Vivanco</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، 1990).</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -14.2pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >و. الخلاصة<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>الترجمة هي </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >عملية استبدال نص في لغة معيّنة بنص آخر فى لغة أخرى (كاتفورد، 1964: 12). أو إنها نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى. ومعنى نقل الكلام من لغة إلى أخرى، التعبير عن معناه بكلام آخر من لغة إلى أخرى، مع الوفاء بحميع معانيه ومقاصده (</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:16pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الزرقاني، 1996 ج.2: 120).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span>أما طريقة الترجمة فهي طريقة مستخدمة لترجمة نص بالكلية من أوّله إلى آخره. فموضوع الطريقة هو النص الكليّ، وهي متعلّقة بمبادئَ تمسّك بها المترجمون حين يعبّرون عن نص المصدر. ولذلك قد يعنى بطريقة الترجمة،<span style=""> </span>مدخلا لحلّ مشكلات الترجمة (شهاب الدين، 2002 : 202).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وطريقة الترجمة التي تميل إلى لغة المصدر تنقسم إلى أربع طرائق. وهي الترجمة الأسطرية، والترجمة الحرفية، والترجمة الوفيّة، والترجمة الدلالية.و الطرائق التي تميل إلى لغة الهدف أيضا أربع. وهي التكيفية، والترجمة الحرّة والترجمة التعبيرية، والترجمة الاتصالية (نيومارك </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12pt;">Newmark</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >،1988: 45-47).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ومن الإجراءات الأساسية التي قدمها نيومارك (1988: 81-93) هي، الإجراء الحرفي، وإجراء النقل والتجنيس، وإجراء التعادل الثقافي، وإجراء المناقلة، وإجراء التعديل، وإجراء </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المقارنة بالسياق، وإجراء </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المقارنة بالتعليق. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >وما عدا تلك الإجراءات المذكورة، إجراءات أخرى كـــتحليل المكوّنات، والتعويض<span style=""> </span>والتعريف وإعادة الصياغة والتوسع<span style=""> </span>والاختزال<span style=""> </span>وغير ذلك من الإجراءات.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 14.15pt; text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المراجع<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الزرقاني، محمد عبد العظيم، 1996، مناهل العرفان في علوم القرآن، ج.2، بيروت: دار الكتب العلمية<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >بيرت، مارينا. 1982. تحليل الأخطاء في صفوف تعليم الإنجليزية بوصفها لغة أجنبية للكبار في التقابل اللغوي وتحليل الأخطاء. الرياض: جامع الملك سعود.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ديدوي، محمد، 1992، علم الترجمة بين النظرية والتطبيق، تونس: دار المعارف<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >صيني، محمود إسماعيل ومحمد إسحاق الأمين.1982. التقابل اللغوي وتحليل الأخطاء. الرياض: جامعة الملك سعود.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >طعيمة، رشدي أحمد. 1989. تعليم اللغة العربية لغير الناطقين بها، منهج وأساليبه. الرياض منشورات المنظمة الإسلامية للتربية والعلوم الثقافة إيسيسكو-.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >كتفورد، جي سي، 1983، </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >A Linguistic Theory of Translation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، ترجمة عبد الباقي الصافي، نظرية لغوية للترجمة، البصرة: دار الكتب العلمية.</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >منظور، محمد بن كريم بن، 1992، لسان العرب، ج.12، بيروت: دار الكتب العلمية<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >نيومارك، بيتر، 1986، </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Approaches to Translation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، ترجمة محمود إسماعيل صيني، اتجاهات في الترجمة: جوانب من نظرية الترجمة، الرياض: دار المريخ للنشر</span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>------، 1985، </span><span dir="LTR" style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Approaches to Translation</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span dir="RTL"></span>، ترجمة محمود إسماعيل صيني، دليل المترجم، الرياض: دار العلوم<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Baradja, MF. 1990. <i>Kapita Selekta Pengajaran Bahasa. </i>Malang: IKIP Malang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Echols, Jhon M dan Hasan Shadily, 1996. <i>Kamus</i> <i>Inggris-Indonesia</i>, Jakarta: PT Gramedia<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Hamid, Fuad Abdul. 1987. Proses Belajar Mengajar Bahasa. Jakarta: P2LPTK Direktorat Pendidikan Tinggi Dep.Dik.Bud.</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Hoed, Benny Hoedoro dkk. 1993. Pengetahuan Dasar tentang Penerjemahan dalam Lintas Bahasa: Media Komunikasi Penerjemah. No. 1/7/1993. Jakarta: Pusat Penerjemahan Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia.</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Murtadho, Nurul. 1999. Metafora dalam al-Quran dan Terjemahannya dalam Bahasa Indonesia (Kajian atas Metafora Cahaya, Kegelapan dan Beberapa Sifat Allah). Disertasi. Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta: Tidak Diterbitkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Nababan, Sri Utami Subiyakto. 1993. <i>Metodologi Pengajaran Bahasa. </i>Jakarta: Tidak Diterbitkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Newmark, Peter, 1986, Approaches to Translation, Newyork: Pergamon Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >---------, 1988, A Textbook of Translation, Newyork: Prentice Hall.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Nurhadi dan Roekhan. (Ed). 1990. Dimensi-dimensi dalam Belajar Bahasa Kedua. Bandung: Sinar Baru Bandung YA3 Malang.</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Sadtono, 1985. Pedoman Penerjemahan, Jakarta: Pusat Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa.</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Syihabuddin, 2002. Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan Arab- Indonesia. Bandung: Proyek Peningkatan Penelitian Pendidikan Tinggi Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Taryadi, Alfons. 2003. Kritik Terjemahan di Indonesia. Makalah dalam Diskusi Himpunan Penerjemah Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Bhasawa Depdiknas.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Tim Balai Pustaka.2001. Kamus Bahasa Indonesia. Cet.III. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Vivanco, H., etc. 1990. Error Analysis in Translation: A Preliminary Report. Santiago: Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chili.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr width="33%" align="left" size="1"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Calibri;font-size:10pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Arial;"><span dir="RTL"></span>. </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="AR-SA">محاضر الترجمة وعلم الصرف في كلية التربية شعبة تعليم اللغة العربية بجامعة أنتساري الإسلامية الحكومية بنجر ماسين. وهو متخرج من نفس الجامعة عام 2001 م، ومن شعبة تعليم اللغة العربية للدراسات العليا بالجامعة الإسلامية مالنج عام 2004 م.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""></a><span style=";font-family:";" lang="AR-SA">كذا في الأصل عند مناهل الزرقاني، لكنّ الباحث أوّل "الترجمة الحرفية عند الزرقاني هذه بترجمة بين الأسطر. لأن تعريف الترجمة الحرفية عند العلماء المعاصرين مخالف تعريف الزرقاني كما سيتضح في بيان الترجمة الحرفية.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> </div> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-53524262286026574182009-10-05T06:48:00.000-07:002009-10-05T06:50:00.771-07:00kerajaan mongol {SPI}<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cu$er%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="State"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; 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mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:54.0pt; text-indent:-36.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;">Bab I<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN">Bangsa Mongol berada di wilayah pegunungan Mongolia, berbatasan dengan Cina di Selatan, Turkestan di Barat, Manchuria di Timur, dan Siberia di sebelah Utara. Mereka sangat patuh dan taat pada pimpinannya dalam satu bingkai agama Syamaniyah, yaitu kepercayaan yang menyembah bintang-bintang dan matahari terbit. </span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Runtut etniknya berasal dari nenek moyang yang bernama Alanja Khan yang dikaruniai dua orang putera kembar yaitu Tartar dan Mongol.</span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Ciri-ciri Masa Mongo</span><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" lang="IN">l:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Berpindahnya pusat ilmu.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Tumbuhnya ilmu-ilmu baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">c.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Kurangnya <i>Kutubul khanah.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">d.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Banyaknya Sekolah dan <i>Mausu’at.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">e.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Penyelewengan ilmu.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">f.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Kondisi keagamaan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Pada masa pemerintahan Bahadur Khan, Mongol mengal</span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN">a</span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >mi kemajuan yang sangat besar karena pada saat itu Bahadur berhasil menyatukan13 kelompok suku bangsa.</span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" > <span lang="IN">Selanjutnya pada masa pemerintahan Ghazan, yakni raja yang ketujuh Dinasti Ilkhan,<span style=""> </span>ia membangun semacam biara untuk para Darwis, perguruan tinggi untuk madzhab Syafi’I dan Hanafi, sebuah perpustakaan Observatorium, dan gedung-gedung umum lainnya. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" lang="IN">Kerajaan mongol runtuh ketika </span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN">p</span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >ertempuran dahsyat terjadi sehingga pasukan Mamalik berhasil menghancurkan tentara Mongol pada tanggal 3 september 1260 M. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan runtuhnya kerjaan Mongol di Cina.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Kerajaan Shafawi berdiri secara resmi di <st1:country-region st="on">Persia</st1:country-region> pada 1501 M/907 H, tatkala Syekh Ismail memproklamasikan dirinya sebagai raja atau syekh di <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Tabriz</st1:city></st1:place>,</span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" > </span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >kerajaan ini berkembang dengan cepat. Nama Shafawi ini terus di pertahankan sampai tarekat safawiyah menjadi suatu gerakan politik dan menjadi sebuah kerajaan yang di sebut kerajaan Shafawi.</span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Kerajaan Shafawi berasal dari sebuah gerakan tarekat yang berdiri di daerah Ardabil <st1:city st="on">kota</st1:city> <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Azerbaijan</st1:country-region></st1:place>. Tarekat ini bernama Shafawiyah sesuai dengan nama pendirinya Safi Al-Din, salah satu keturunan Imam Syi’ah yang keenam “Musa al-Kazim”.</span><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">kemunduran Safawi karena</span><span style="font-size:14;"> </span><span style="font-size:14;">seorang raja yang lemah dan sangat kejam terhadap pembesar-pembesar kerajaan. Di lain sis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;">i </span><span style="font-size:14;">seorang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"> raja</span><span style="font-size:14;"> pencemburu yang akhirnya mengakibatkan mundurnya kemajuan-kemajuan yang telah diperoleh dalam pemerintahan sebelumnya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;">, f</span><span style="font-size:14;">actor lain adalah konplik yang berkepenjangan dengan kerajaan Utsmani, dekadensi moral dikalangan pembesar-pembesar kerajaan, dan juga konplik intern di kalangan mereka dalam rangka memperebutkan kekuasaan.</span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:22;">Bab I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:22;">I<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:22;">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:22;">Peradaban Islam Mongol dan syafawi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:22;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16;"><span style="">I.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:16;">Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Peradaban Islam Pada Masa <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Mongolia</st1:country-region></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Jatuhnya Kota Baghdad pada tahun 1258 M, ke tangan bangsa Mongol bukan saja mengakhiri khilafah Abbasiyah, tapi juga merupakan awal dari masa kemunduran politik dan peradaban Islam, karena Baghdad sebagai pusat kebudayaan dan perandaban Islam yang sangat kaya dengan khazanah ilmu pengetahuan itu ikut pula lenyap di bumi hanguskan oleh pasukan Mongol yang dipimpin oleh Hulagu Khan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" ><span style="">A.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><b><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Asal-Usul Bangsa Mongol<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Bangsa Mongol berada di wilayah pegunungan <st1:country-region st="on">Mongolia</st1:country-region>, berbatasan dengan Cina di Selatan, Turkestan di Barat, Manchuria di Timur, dan <st1:place st="on">Siberia</st1:place> di sebelah Utara. Kebanyakan dari mereka mendiami <st1:city st="on">padang</st1:city> stepa yang membentang di antar pegunungan Ural sampai pegunungan Altai di Asia Tengah, dan mendiami hutan <st1:place st="on">Siberia</st1:place> dan Mongol di sekitar Danau Baikal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Dalam rentang waktu yang relatif panjang, kehidupan bangsa Mongol tetap sederhana mereka mendirikan perkemahan dan berpindah dari satu tempat ketempat lain, menggembala kambing, berburu. Mereka hidup dari hasil perdagangan tradisional yaitu mempertukarkan bangsa Turki dan Cina yang menjadi tetangga mereka. Kesehariannya, sebagaimana dipredikatkan pada sifat nomad,mereka mempunyai sifat kasar, suka berperang, berani mati dalam mewujudkan keinginan dan ambisi politiknya. Namun, mereka sangat patuh dan taat pada pimpinannya dalam satu bingkai agama Syamaniyah, yaitu kepercayaan yang menyembah bintang-bintang dan matahari terbit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Namun demikian, ada satu pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa bangsa Mongol bukanlah suku nomad sebagamana dimaksud, tetapi satu bangsa yang memiliki ketangkasan berkuda yang mampu menaklukkan stepa ke stepa, akibatnya kehidupan. mereka berpindah-pindah mengikuti wilayah taklukannya dibawah kepemimpinan seorang Khan. Khan yang pertama dari bangsa Mongol itu adalah Yesugey, ayah Chinggis atau Jengis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Runtut etniknya berasal dari nenek moyang yang bernama Alanja Khan yang dikaruniai dua orang putera kembar yaitu Tartar dan Mongol. Dari kedua putera ini melahirkan dua keturunan bangsa, yaitu Mongol dan Tartar. Dari yang pertama lahirlah seorang bernama Ilkhan yang di kemudian hari menjadi pemimpin bangsa Mongol<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;color:black;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Ciri-ciri Masa Mongol.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Berpindahnya pusat ilmu.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Kegiatan ilmu pada masa Abasiyah berpusat di kota-kota Baghdad, Bukhara, Naisabur, Ray, Cordova, sevilla, Ketika kota-kota tersebut hancur maka kegiatan ilmu berpindah ke kota-kota Kairo, Iskandar, Usyuth, faiyun, damaskus, Hims, Halab, dan lain-lain kota di kota Mesir dan di Syam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Tumbuhnya ilmu-ilmu baru.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Dalam masa ini mulai matang ilmu Umron (Sosiologi ) dan filsafat Tarikh ( <i>Philosophy of history</i> ) dengan munculnya Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun sebagai kitab pertama dalam bidang ini. Juga mulai di sempurnakan penyusunan ilmu politik, ilmu tata usaha, ilmu peperangan, ilmu kritik sejarah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">c.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Kurangnya <i>Kutubul khanah.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Dalam zaman ini banyak perpustakaan besar yang musnah bersama segala kitabnya karena terbakar atau tenggelam di tengah-tengah suasana yang kacau waktu penaklukan Mongol di Timur dan penyerangan Spayol di Barat. Atau pemusnahan kitab-kitab dan perpustakaan sebagai akibat terjadinya pertentangan sengit antara Firqah-firqah agama. Atau karena menjadi rusaknya dan mengaburnya tinta akibat lapuk dimakan usia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">d.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Banyaknya Sekolah dan <i>Mausu’at.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Dalam masa ini sekolah-sekolah yang teratur tumbuh subur, terutama Mesir dan Syam, dan yang menjadi pusatnya adalah Kairo dan Damaskus. Pembangun sekolah pertama adalah Sultan Nurudin Zanky yang kemudian di ikuti oleh para raja dan sultan sesudahnya. Berdirilah berbagai corak sekolah baik karena perbedaan madzhab atau pun karena ke khususan ilmu. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Ada</st1:city></st1:place> sekolah untuk ilmu Tafsir dan Hadits, dan sekolah untuk Fiqh berbagai madzhab, ada sekolah untuk ilmu Thib dan Filsafat, ada sekolah untuk ilmu <i>Riyad-Hiya’at (</i> ilmu pasti, ilmu music dan ilmu eksakta lainnya ). Dari sekolah ini keluarlah para ulama dan sarjana yang jumlahnya cukup banyak. Keadaan di Mesir pun demikian juga, bahkan Jami’ah Al-Azhar Kairo menjadi bintangnya segala sekolah, tidak saja yang usianya yang lebih tua tetapi yang terutama karena mutu ilmu yang tinggi. Kecuali banyaknya sekolah, zaman ini istimewa dengan lahirnya <i>Mausu’at </i>dan <i>Majmu’at</i> ( buku kumpulan berbagai ilmu dan masalah kira-kira seperti <i>Encyclopedia</i> ).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">e.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Penyelewengan ilmu.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Dalam zaman ini ummat islam dan kaum terpelajar banyak yang melarikan diri kedunia pembahasan agama, apalagi ketika persatuan politik tidak ada lagi dan sultan-sultannya tidak memperhatikan perkembangan dan kemurnian agama, ummat islam makin tenggelam kepada pembahasan bidang agama saja, bahkan lama-kelamaan jatuh ke lembah mistik dan khurofat. Hal ini mungkin karena kebanyakan manusia telah di hinggapi rasa takut sehingga mereka mengungsi ke dunia agama dan mistik untuk menghibur diri. Dalam masa ini berbagai ilmu mereka pergunakan untuk mengkhidmati agama saja atau mistik dan khurofat. Misalnya ilmu<span style=""> </span>Falak hanya untuk menetapkan waktu sholat, sementara ilmu Bintang untuk meramal.</span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">f.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Kondisi keagamaan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Penguasa Mongol atas daulah Islam hampir memusnahkan unsur Arab dan bahasanya, selama peperangan maka ratalah <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kota</st1:city></st1:place> dan daerah yang dikuasai. Mereka bunuh penduduknya, mereka rampas hartanya, mereka runtuhkan gedung-gedungnya mereka bakar <i>Kutubul Khanah</i>nya, maka musnahlah perbendaharaan kebudayaannya. Namun suatu hal yang luar biasa bahwa Jenghis Khan yang meruntuhkan semua itu, diantara keturunannya ada yang bangun menjadi pemelihara dan pembangun kembali agama dan kebudayaan Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Timur lenk, salah satu keturunan Jenghis Khan misalnya, pada akhir hayatnya<span style=""> </span>memeluk Islam, berkat usaha sultan Faraj, seorang dari raja Mamluk yang mengutus delegasi dengan pimpinan Ibn Khaldun Bapak Sosiologi Islam yang termashur saat itu. Sementara itu kekejaman Timur Lenk mereda dan ia mengamalkan agama Islam secara tekun serta membelanya dengan semangat sampai wafatnya tahun 1404 M. tidak berbeda keadaannya dengan keturunan Jenghis Khan yang lain Islam menyusupi diri mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" ><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Juchi Khan keturunan dari Junghis Khan yang menguasai lembah Wolga, eropa Timur dan Eropa Tengah, menurunkan seorang namanya Barka Khan ( 1256-1266 ). Barka Khan inilah menurut <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Arnold</st1:city></st1:place> dalam <i>The Preaching of Islam, </i><span style=""> </span>merupakan keturunan Jenghis Khan yang perama-tama masuk Islam. Ia banyak membangun rumah-rumah ibadah dan perguruan-perguruan tinggi Islam pada <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kota</st1:city></st1:place> belahan Utara itu. Ia banyak berhubungan surat-menyurat dengan sultan Baibars, seorang raja Mamluk Mesir. Sementara itu, misi Islam dari Mesir banyak berdatangan dan Islam makin tersiar di belahan Utara.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" ><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Chagatai Khan putra Jenghis Khan yang menguasai lembah Tarim Turkisan Timur, sin-hiang, Asia Tengah ( Turkistan Barat, Tran-soxiana ) menurunkan seorang bernama Tagluk Timur Khan (1347-1363 M) yang menjadi sultan Islam pertama dari keturunan Chagatai Khan. Di tangannya kerajaan yang di bentuk moyangnya itu menjadi kesultanan Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" ><span style="">c.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Demikian juga keturunannya yang lain yang masuk menguasai <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>, Akhirnya mendirikan Kerajaan Moghal (1526-1962 ) di India, suatu kesultanan Islam yang banyak berjasa dalammeninggikan Islam. Kenyataan menunjukkan bahwa bangsa yang ketika masih biadab menghancurkan segala yang dimiliki Islam, ketika ia telah bergaul dan meresapi ketinggian Islam<span style=""> </span>bukannya masyarakat Islam yang musnah tapi mereka yang lambat laun terpengaruh, bahkan menjadi pembela dan penjunjung tinggi Islam.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;color:black;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">B.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Kemajuan bangsa mongol.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Pada masa pemerintahan Bahadur Khan, Mongol mengal</span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN">a</span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >mi kemajuan yang sangat besar karena pada saat itu Bahadur berhasil menyatukan13 kelompok suku bangsa. Kemudian pada masa pemerintahan Hulagu Khan banyak wilayah yang telah ditaklukannya.diantaranya adalah <st1:city st="on">kota</st1:city> <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Baghdad</st1:city></st1:place> yang pada waktu dipimpin oleh Khalifah Al-Mu’tashim. Khalifah Al-mu’tashim tidak mampu membendung topan tentara Hulagu Khan. Selanjutnya Hulagu melanjutkan gerakannya ke <st1:country-region st="on">Syria</st1:country-region> dan Mesir dari <st1:city st="on">Baghdad</st1:city> pasukan mongol menyebrangi sungai Khuprat menuju <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Syria</st1:country-region></st1:place>, kemudian melintasi Sinai. Mesir pada tahun 1260 M. mereka berhasil menduduki Hablur dan <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Gaza</st1:city></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Selanjutnya pada masa pemerintahan Ghazan, yakni raja yang ketujuh <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Dinasti Ilkhan</st1:city>, <st1:state st="on">ia</st1:state></st1:place> mulai memperhatikan perkembangan peradaban. Ia seorang pelindung ilmu pengetahuan dan satra. Oleh karena itu, ia membangun semacam biara untuk para Darwis, perguruan tinggi untuk madzhab Syafi’I dan Hanafi, sebuah perpustakaan Observatorium, dan gedung-gedung umum lainnya. </span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">C.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Sebab-sebab Kemunduran Bangsa Mongol.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Kekalahan bangsa Mongol di bawah panglima Kitbugha atas pasukan Mamalik di bawah panglima Qutuz. Panglima tentara Mongol, Kitbugha, mengirim utusan ke Mesir meminta supaya sultan Qutuz yang menjadi raja kerajaan Mamalik untuk menyerah. Permintaan itu di tolak oleh Qutus dan utusan Kitbugha tersebut dibunuhnya. Tindakan Qutuz itu tidak menimbulkan kemarahan oleh di kalangan Mongol. Kitbugha kemudian melintas Jordania menuju Galilei. Pasukan ini bertemu dengan pasukan Mamalik yang di pimpin langsung oleh Qutuz. Pertempuran dahsyat terjadi sehingga pasukan Mamalik berhasil menghancurkan tentara Mongol pada tanggal 3 september 1260 M. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan runtuhnya kerjaan Mongol di Cina.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Pada saat Mongol diperintah oleh Abu Sa’id ( 1317-1335 M ), terjadi bencana kelaparan yang sangat menyedihkan dan angin topan dengan hujan es yang mendatangkan malapetaka. Kerajaan Ilkhan yang didirikan Hulagu Khan akhirnya terpecah belah sepeninggalan abu Sa’id dan masing-masing pecahan saling memerangi. Akhirnya mereka semua ditaklukkan oleh Timur Lenk.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;color:black;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">II.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Islam Pada Masa Bani Shafawi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Ada</span></st1:city></st1:place><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" > dua aspek menarik dari pengkajian sejarah kerajaan Shafawi pada ( 1501-1722 M ). <i>Pertama</i>, lahirnya kembali dinasti Shafawi adalah kebangkitan kembali kejayaan Islam. Ketika Islam sebelumnya pernah mengalami masa kecemerlangan. <i>Kedua,</i> dinasti Shafawi telah memberikan kepada <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Iran</st1:country-region></st1:place><span style=""> </span>semacam “Negara Nasional” dengan identitas baru, yaitu aliran Syiah yang menurut G.H. Jansen merupakan landasan bagi perkembangan nasionalisme Iran Modern.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Menurut Sayid Amir Ali, kata Shafawi berasal dari kata <i>shafi, </i>suatu gelar bagi nenek moyang raja-raja Shafawi: Shafi Al-Din Ishak Al-Ardabily, pendiri dan pemimpin tarekat Shafawiyah. Amir Ali beralasan, bahwa para musafir, pedagang dan penulis Eropa selalu menyebut raja-raja Shafawi dengan gelar Shafi agung. Sedangkan menurut P.M. Holt dan kawan-kawan, Shafawi berasal dari kata Shafi, yaitu bagian dari nama shafi Al-Din Ishak Al-Ardabily sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Kerajaan Shafawi berdiri secara resmi di <st1:country-region st="on">Persia</st1:country-region> pada 1501 M/907 H, tatkala Syekh Ismail memproklamasikan dirinya sebagai raja atau syekh di <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Tabriz</st1:city></st1:place>, demikian antara lain pendapat C.E. Bosworth. Namun <i>event</i> sejarah yang penting inilah tidaklah berdiri sendiri. Peristiwa tersebut berkaitan dengan peristiwa-peristiwa sebelumnya dalam rentang waktu yang cukup panjang, yakni kurang lebih dua abad. Waktu yang hampir sama dengan usia kerajaan Shafawi sendiri. Selama masa itu, cikal bakal Shafawi tumbuh lambat laun, tetapi pasti menuju zaman yang penuh dengan muatan dan historis yang sangat penting.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;color:black;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">A.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Perkembangan Kerajaan Shafawi di Persia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Pada waktu kerajaan Turki Utsmani sudah mencapai puncak kejayaannya, kerajaan Shafawi di Persia masih baru berdiri. Namun pada kenyataannya, kerajaan ini berkembang dengan cepat. Nama Shafawi ini terus di pertahankan sampai tarekat safawiyah menjadi suatu gerakan politik dan menjadi sebuah kerajaan yang di sebut kerajaan Shafawi. Dalam perkembangannya, kerajaan Shafawi sering berselisih dengan kerajaan Turki. Kerajaan Shafawi mempunyai perbedaan dari dua kerajaan besar Islam lainnya </span><span style="font-size:14;">seperti<span style="color:black;"> </span>kerajaan Turki Usmani dan Mughal. Kerajaan ini menyatakan sebagai penganut Syi’ah dan<span style="color:black;"> </span>dijadikan sebagai madzhab negara. Oleh karena itu, kerajaan Shafawi dianggap sebagai<span style="color:black;"> </span>peletak dasar pertama terbentuknya negara <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Iran</st1:country-region></st1:place> dewasa ini .<span style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Kerajaan Shafawi berasal dari sebuah gerakan tarekat yang berdiri di daerah Ardabil <st1:city st="on">kota</st1:city> <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Azerbaijan</st1:country-region></st1:place>. Tarekat ini bernama Shafawiyah sesuai dengan nama pendirinya Safi Al-Din, salah satu keturunan Imam Syi’ah yang keenam “Musa al-Kazim”. Pada awalnya tarekat ini bertujuan memerangi orang-orang yang ingkar dan pada akhirnya memerangi orang-orang ahli bid’ah Tarekat ini menjadi semakin penting setelah ia mengubah bentuk tarekat itu dari pengajian tasawuf murni yang bersifat local menjadi gerakan keagamaan yang besar pengaruhnya di Persia, Syiria dan <st1:place st="on">Anatolia</st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Dalam perkembangannya Bangsa Safawi (tarekat Safawiyah) sangat fanatik terhadap ajaran-ajarannya. Hal ini ditandai dengan kuatnya keinginan mereka untuk berkuasa karena dengan berkuasa mereka dapat menjalankan ajaran agama yang telah mereka yakini (ajaran Syi’ah). Karena itu, lama kelamaan murid-murid tarekat Safawiyah menjadi tentara yang teratur, fanatik dalam kepercayaan dan menentang setiap orang yang bermazhab selain Syiah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14;">Berikut urutan penguasa kerajaan Safawi :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Isma’il I (1501-1524 M)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Tahmasp I (1524-1576 M)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Isma’il II (1576-1577 M)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Muhammad Khudabanda (1577-1587 M)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Abbas I (1587-1628 M)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">6.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span style="font-size:14;">Safi</span></st1:city></st1:place><span style="font-size:14;"> Mirza (1628-1642 M)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">7.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Abbas II (1642-1667 M)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">8.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Sulaiman (1667-1694 M)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">9.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Husein I (1694-1722 M)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">10.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Tahmasp II (1722-1732 M)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">11.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Abbas III (1732-1736 M)<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">B.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:16;">Peran dinasti Shafawi bagi peradaban Islam</span></span><span style="font-size:14;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Peran kesejarahan dinasti Shafawi begitu besar. Hal ni dapat dilihat dari sisi kemajuan dan kejayaannya. Kendati demikian,masa kemajuan kerajaan shafawi tidak lanagsung terwujud pada saat dinasti itu berdiri di bawah Ismail, raja pertama ( 1501-1524 M ). Kejayaan Shafawi yang gemilang baru dicapai pada masa pemerintahan Syaikh Abbas yang agung ( 1578-1629 ) raja yang kelima. Walaupun begitu, peran Ismail sebagai pendiri Shafawi sangat besar sebagai peletak pondasi bagi kemajuan Shafawi di kemudian hari. Di samping telah memberikan corak yang khas bagi Shafawi dengan menetapkan Syiah sebagai agama Negara, Syaikh Ismail juga telah memberikan dua karya besar bagi negaranya, yaitu perluasan wilayah dan penyusun struktur pemerintahan yang unik pada masanya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16;"><span style="">C.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:16;">Wujud dan corak kemajuan dinasti Shafawi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16;"><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:16;">Kemajuan di bidang politik.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Pengertian kemajuan dalam bidang politik disini adalah terwujudnya integritas wilayah Negara yang luas yang dikawal oleh suatu angkatan bersenjata yang tangguh dan di atur oleh suatu pemerintahan yang kuat<span style=""> </span>serta mampu memainkan peranan dalam percaturan politik internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Sebagaimana lazimnya kekuatan politik suatu Negara di tentukan oleh kekuatan angkatan bersenjata, Syaikh Abbas I <span style=""> </span>juga telah melakukan langkah politiknya yang pertama, membangun angkatan bersenjata, Dinasti Shafawi yang kuat, besar dan modern. Tentara Qizilbas yang pernah menjadi tulang punggung dinasti Shafawi yang besar, pada masa awal di pandang syaikh Abbas tidak pernah bisa di harap lagi. Qizilbas hanya menjadi semacam tentara nonreguler yang tidak bisa diharapkan lagi untuk menopang citra politik Syaikh yang besar. Untuk itu di bangun suatu angkatan bersenjata regular. Inti satuan militer ini direkturnya dari bekas tawanan perang bekas Kristen di Georgia dan Circhasia yang sudah mulai di bawah <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Persia</st1:country-region></st1:place>. Syaikh Tahmasab ( 1524-1576 ) mereka di beri gelar “ghulam”. Mereka di bina dengan pendidikan militer yang miitan dan dipersenjatai secara modern. Sebagai pimpinannya, Syaikh Abbas mengangkat Allahwardi Khan, salah seorang dari ghulam itu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16;"><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:16;">Kemaujuan di Bidang ekonomi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Kerajaan Shafawi masa syaikh Abbas mengalami kemajuan di bidang ekonomi, terutama industri dan perdagangan. Pada akhir abad ke-15 ( 1498 ) Vasco da Gama, seorang pelaut potugis menemukan jalan ke Timur melalui Tanjung selatan di Afrika. Penemuan ini membuka fase baru dalam perkembangan dunia perdagangan internasional. Bangsa Eropa sendiri berlomba-lombaberlayar ke timur untuk memperebutkan daerah-daerah perdagangan yang menguntungkan. Portugis pada akhir abad ke-16 telah menguasai paling tidak tiga kota dagang yang terpenting di sekitar samudra Hindia, yaitu Hormuz di Persia, Goa di India dan Malaka di Malaya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16;"><span style="">c.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:16;">Kemajuan di Bidang Fisik Tata <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Kota</st1:city></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Ibu <st1:city st="on">kota</st1:city> Shafawi ialah <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kota</st1:city></st1:place> yang sangat indah. Pembangunan besar-besaran di lakukan oleh Syaikh Abbas terhadap ibu kotanya, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Isfahan</st1:city></st1:place>. Pada saat ia mangkat di Isfahan terdapat 1603 buah mesjid, 48 buah perguruan tinggi, 1082 buah losmen yang luas untuk penginapan tamu-tamu khalifah dan 237 unit pemandian umum. Diantaranya yang paling terkenal ialah Mesjid Syaikh yang mulai di bangun sejak 1611 M, Mesjid Luthfullah yang dibangun pada 1603 M. Syaikh Abbas juga membangun istana megah yang disebut Chihil sutun atau Istana Empat Puluh Tiang, sebuah jembatan besar di atas sungai Zende Rudd an Taman Bunga Empat Penjuru.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:16;"><span style="">d.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:16;">Kemajuan di Bidang Filsafat dan Sains.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Pada masa dinasti Shafawi, filsafat dan sains bangkit kembali di dunia islam, khususnya dikalangan orang-orang <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Persia</st1:country-region></st1:place> yang berminat tinggi pada pekembangan kebudayaan. Perkembangan baru ini erat ikatannya dengan aliran Syiah yang di tetapkan dinasti Syafawi sebagi agama resmi agama.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Dalam Syiah dua belas ada dua golongan, yakni <i>Akbari </i>dan <i>Ushuli</i> mereka berbeda di dalam memahami ajaran agama, yang pertama cendrung berpegang teguh kepada hasil ijtihad para mujtahid Syiah yang mapan. Sedangkan yang kedua mengambil langsung dari sumber ajaran Islam, Al-qur’an dan Al-hadits tanpa terikat kepada para mujtahid. Golongan Ushul inilah yang paling berperan pada masa Syafawi. Di bidang teologi mereka mendapat dukungannya dalam madzhab Mu’tazillah. Pertemuan kedua elemen kelompok inilah yang berperan pada terwujudnya perkembangan baru dalam bidang filsafat dan ilmu pengetahuan di dunia Islam yang kemudian dilahirkan beberapa filusuf dan ilmuan.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><span style="">D.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" >Kemunduran dan Kehancuran Kerajaan Syafawi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Sepeninggal Abbas I, Kerajaan Safawi berturut-turut diperintah oleh enam raja, yaitu Safi Mirza (1628-1642 M), Abbas II (1642-1667 M), Sulaiman (1667-1694 M), Husein (1694-1722 M), Tahmasp II (1722-1732 M) dan Abbas III (1733-1736 M). Pada masa raja-raja tersebut kondisi kerajaan Safawi tidak menunjukkan grafik naik dan berkembang, tetapi justru memperlihatkan kemunduran yang akhirnya membawa kepada kehancuran.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Raja Safi Mirza (cucu Abbas I) juga menjadi penyebab kemunduran Safawi karena dia seorang raja yang lemah dan sangat kejam terhadap pembesar-pembesar kerajaan. Di lain sisi dia juga seorang pencemburu yang akhirnya mengakibatkan mundurnya kemajuan-kemajuan yang telah diperoleh dalam pemerintahan sebelumnya (Abbas I). Kota Qandahar lepas dari kekuasaan kerajaan Safawi, diduduki oleh kerajaan Mughal yang ketika itu diperintah oleh Sultan Sy</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;">ah</span><span style="font-size:14;"> Jehan, sementara <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Baghdad</st1:city></st1:place> direbut oleh kerajaan Usmani.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Abbas II adalah raja yang suka minum-minuman keras sehingga ia jatuh sakit dan meninggal. Sebagaimana Abbas II, Sulaiman juga seorang pemabuk. Ia bertindak kejam terhadap para pembesar yang dicurigainya. Akibatnya rakyat bersikap masa bodoh terhadap pemerintah. Ia diganti oleh Shah Husein yang alim. Ia memberi kekuasaan yang besar kepada para ulama Syi’ah yang sering memaksakan pendapatnya terhadap penganut<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size:14;">Adapun sebab-sebab kemunduran dan kehancuran kerajaan Safawi adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Adanya konflik yang berkepanjangan dengan kerajaan Usmani. Berdirinya kerajaan Safawi yang bermadzhab Syi’ah merupakan ancaman bagi kerajaan Usmani, sehingga tidak pernah ada perdamaian antara dua kerajaan besar ini.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Terjadinya dekandensi moral yang melanda sebagian pemimpin kerajaaan Safawi, yang juga ikut mempercepat proses kehancuran kerajaan ini. Raja Sulaiman yang pecandu narkotik dan menyenangi kehidupan malam selama tujuh tahun tidak pernah sekalipun ssmenyempatkan diri menangani pemerintahan, begitu pula dengan sultan Husein.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Pasukan <i>ghulam </i>(budak-budak) yang dibentuk Abbas I ternyata tidak memiliki semangat perjuangan yang tinggi seperti semangat <i>Qizilbash</i>. Hal ini dikarenakan mereka tidak memiliki ketahanan mental karena tidak dipersiapkan secara terlatih dan tidak memiliki bekal rohani. Kemerosotan aspek kemiliteran ini sangat besar pengaruhnya terhadap lenyapnya ketahanan dan pertahanan kerajaan Safawi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:14;">Seringnya terjadi konflik intern dalam bentuk perebutan kekuasaan dikalangan keluarga istana.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Itulah antara lain yang menjadi faktor keruntuhan kerajaan Syafawi. Factor lain adalah konplik yang berkepenjangan dengan kerajaan Utsmani, dekadensi moral dikalangan pembesar-pembesar kerajaan, dan juga konplik intern di kalangan mereka dalam rangka memperebutkan kekuasaan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> 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</o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:18;color:black;" lang="IN">Bab III<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:20;color:black;" lang="IN">Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" lang="IN">Simpulan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN">Jatuhnya Kota Baghdad pada tahun 1258 M, ke tangan bangsa Mongol bukan saja mengakhiri khilafah Abbasiyah, tapi juga merupakan awal dari masa kemunduran politik dan peradaban Islam, karena Baghdad sebagai pusat kebudayaan dan perandaban Islam yang sangat kaya dengan khazanah ilmu pengetahuan itu ikut pula lenyap di bumi hanguskan oleh pasukan Mongol yang dipimpin oleh Hulagu Khan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >kehidupan. mereka berpindah-pindah mengikuti wilayah taklukannya dibawah kepemimpinan seorang Khan. Khan yang pertama dari bangsa Mongol itu adalah Yesugey, ayah Chinggis atau Jengis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Timur lenk, salah satu keturunan Jenghis Khan misalnya, pada akhir hayatnya<span style=""> </span>memeluk Islam, berkat usaha sultan Faraj, seorang dari raja Mamluk yang mengutus delegasi dengan pimpinan Ibn Khaldun Bapak Sosiologi Islam yang termashur saat itu.</span><span style=";font-size:16;color:black;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Pada saat Mongol diperintah oleh Abu Sa’id ( 1317-1335 M ), terjadi bencana kelaparan yang sangat menyedihkan dan angin topan dengan hujan es yang mendatangkan malapetaka. Kerajaan Ilkhan yang didirikan Hulagu Khan akhirnya terpecah belah sepeninggalan abu Sa’id dan masing-masing pecahan saling memerangi. Akhirnya mereka semua ditaklukkan oleh Timur Lenk.</span><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" >Ada</span></st1:city></st1:place><span style=";font-size:14;color:black;" > dua aspek menarik dari pengkajian sejarah kerajaan Shafawi pada ( 1501-1722 M ). <i>Pertama</i>, lahirnya kembali dinasti Shafawi adalah kebangkitan kembali kejayaan Islam. Ketika Islam sebelumnya pernah mengalami masa kecemerlangan. <i>Kedua,</i> dinasti Shafawi telah memberikan kepada <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Iran</st1:country-region></st1:place><span style=""> </span>semacam “Negara Nasional” dengan identitas baru, yaitu aliran Syiah yang menurut G.H. Jansen merupakan landasan bagi perkembangan nasionalisme Iran Modern.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-size:14;">Sepeninggal Abbas I, Kerajaan Safawi berturut-turut diperintah oleh enam raja, yaitu Safi Mirza (1628-1642 M), Abbas II (1642-1667 M), Sulaiman (1667-1694 M), Husein (1694-1722 M), Tahmasp II (1722-1732 M) dan Abbas III (1733-1736 M). Pada masa raja-raja tersebut kondisi kerajaan Safawi tidak menunjukkan grafik naik dan berkembang, tetapi justru memperlihatkan kemunduran yang akhirnya membawa kepada kehancuran.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:26;color:black;" lang="IN">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:26;color:black;" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:16;color:black;" lang="IN"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:16;color:black;" lang="IN">Sunarto, Musyrifah, <i>Sejarah Islam Klasik, Jakarta</i>:Prenada Islam Media.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:16;color:black;" lang="IN"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:16;color:black;" lang="IN">Ajid, Thohir, 2004, <i>Perkembangan Peradaban di Kawasan Dunia Islam,</i> Jakarta: P.T. RajaGrafindo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:16;color:black;" lang="IN"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:16;color:black;" lang="IN">Yatim, Badri, 2006, <i>Sejarah Peradaban Islam, </i>Jakarta: P.T. RajaGrafindo Persada.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:16;color:black;" lang="IN"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:16;color:black;" lang="IN">Hamka, <i>Sejarah Ummat Islam,</i> Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> http/:Geogle_<i>peradaban dan perkembangan islam di masa kerajaan Mongol.com<o:p></o:p></i></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>, Prof. Dr.Hj. Masyrifah Sunarto,2008<i> Sejarah Islam Klasik, </i><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>:Prenada Islam Media<i>.</i> Hal:190-194</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> http/:Geogle_<i>peradaban dan perkembangan islam di masa kerajaan Mongol.com<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Ajid Thohir,2004<i> Perkembangan Peradaban di Kawasan Dunia Islam, </i><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>:P.T. Raja Grafindo, hal 166-167<i><o:p></o:p></i></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> http/:Geogle_<i>peradaban dan perkembangan islam di masa kerajaan Syafawi</i>.com</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Ajid Thohir,2004<i> Perkembangan Peradaban di Kawasan Dunia Islam, </i><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>:P.T. Raja Grafindo, hal 173-177</p> </div> </div> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-49407642095913897012009-10-05T06:45:00.000-07:002009-10-05T06:46:52.768-07:00<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cu$er%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; 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mso-level-tab-stop:54.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:54.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l8:level2 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:o; mso-level-tab-stop:90.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:90.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l8:level3 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:126.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:126.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l8:level4 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:162.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:162.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} @list l8:level5 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:o; mso-level-tab-stop:198.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:198.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l8:level6 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:234.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:234.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l8:level7 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:270.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:270.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} @list l8:level8 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:o; mso-level-tab-stop:306.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:306.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l8:level9 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:342.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:342.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Wingdings;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:18;">Bab II<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:18;">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14;"><span style="">A.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14;">Hamdzah diawal kalimat</span></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:14;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Ditulisnya hamzah qat’i diawal kalimat diatas alif, apabila ia berharakat dhommah atau fathah, seperti:<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span> </span></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;"><span style=""> </span>أسرة, أخت, أحمد.</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span style="" lang="IN">Dan ditulis di bawah alif apabila ia berharakat kasrah, seperti</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;">: </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">إشارة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>, </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">إ نّ</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>, </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">إعلان</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Tulisan hamzah tidak akan berubah tulisannya apabila dimasukki dengan:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:18;" lang="IN"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="rtl"></span>( ال )</span></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>, </span><span style="" lang="IN">seperti</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;">: </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">الأمر </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>, </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">الأم</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>, </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">الإكرام</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:18;" lang="IN"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="rtl"></span>( اللام )</span></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>, </span><span style="" lang="IN">seperti</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;">: </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">لأبي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>, </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">لأمّي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>, </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">لإكرام</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:18;" lang="IN"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="rtl"></span>( الباء )</span></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>, </span><span style="" lang="IN">seperti</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;">: </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">بأحسن</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span> .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:18;" lang="IN"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span style=""> </span>الكاف </span></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>, </span><span style="" lang="IN">seperti</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;">: </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">كونو كأسرة واحدة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:18;" lang="IN"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;">(</span></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">الفاء </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=""> </span>), </span><span style="" lang="IN">seperti</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;">: </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">حضر التلميذ فأبوه فأمّه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:18;" lang="IN"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="rtl"></span>( الواو )</span></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>, </span><span style="" lang="IN">seperti</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;">: </span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">جاء زيد و أبوه و أمّه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:18;" lang="IN"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="rtl"></span>( السين )</span></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>, </span><span style="" lang="IN">seperti</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;">: </span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span style=""> </span>سأكون منتظرا إياك لأكافئك</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:18;" lang="IN"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span style=""> </span>حرف التنبيه</span></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;">ها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="ltr"></span>)<span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span> </span></span><span style="" lang="IN">seperti</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;">:</span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:18;"><span dir="rtl"></span> هأنذا </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Dan kadang ada yang keluar dari kaidah, yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Begitu juga dalam penulisan hamdzah,.................<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Keterangan:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="" lang="IN">Sebagian ulama berpendapat: hamdzah ibtida’i ditulis diatas alif (<span style=""> </span>), walaupun berharakat kasrah...................<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="" lang="IN">Apabila terdapat dua hamdzah diawal kalimat, dan hamdzah yang kedua berharakat sukun, maka diganti dengan <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><span style="">B.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;">Hamdzah ditengah kalimat<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Ditulisnya hamdzah di tengah kata, apabila hamdzah dsan huruf sebelumnya berharakat,..........<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="" lang="IN">Apabila..............<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="" lang="IN">Disandarkan pada waw (<span style=""> </span>) apabila harakat hamdzah dhommah dan huruf sebelumnya berharakat fathah, seperti:.........,atau hamdzah berharakat dhommah, seperti:..............., atau berharakat sukun, seperti:...............<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Begitu juga hamdzah disandarkan pada waw (<span style=""> </span>), apabila hamdzah berharakat fathah dan sebelumnya berharakat dhommah, seperti:...............<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="" lang="IN">Disandarkan pada alif, apabila hamdzah berharakat fathah dan sebelumnya berharakat sukun, seperti:.................<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Begitu juga, hamdzah bersandar pada alif, apabila hamdzah berharakat sukun dan sebelumnya berharakat fathah, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><span style="">C.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;">Hamdzah diakhir kalimat<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Ditulisnya hamdzah pada ahir kalimat, dengan mencocokkan dengan harakat sebelumnya, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="" lang="IN">Hamdzah disandarkan pada ya<span style=""> </span>(<span style=""> </span>) , apabila huruf sebelumnya berharakat kasrah, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="" lang="IN">Hamdzah disandarkan pada waw (<span style=""> </span>), apabila huruf sebelumnya berharakat dhommah, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Terkadang dalam penulisan hamdzah diakhir dengan huruf waw ( ) yang bertasydid, dan hamdza tidak ditulis diatas ya (<span style=""> </span>), seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="" lang="IN">Hamdzah disandarkan pada alif (<span style=""> </span>), apabila huruf sebelumnya berharakat fathah, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="" lang="IN">Hamdzah tidak disandarkan pada huruf, apabila hurf<span style=""> </span>sebelumnya berharkat sukun, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Hamzah pada akhir kalimat<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Penulisan hamzah ini dibagi pada dua tempat<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">menjadikan sebelumnya hanzah berharakat sukun, atau<span style=""> </span>‘waw’ yang bertasydid dan berharakat dhommah, terkadang hamzah ditulis dengan trersendiri, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">hamzah ditulis diatas huruf dari jenis harakat huruf sebelumnya, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">hamzah di tenagh kalimat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Untuk penulisan hamzah ini dibagi pada lima tempat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN">Penulisan hamzah yang tersendiri, dibagi pada empat bagian:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="" lang="IN">apabila hamzah terletak sebelum alif, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">v<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="" lang="IN">apabila hamzah berharakat fathah atau dhommah setelah ‘waw’ sukun atau ‘waw’ bertasydid yang harakatnya dhommah, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;">Bab III<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:18;">Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span lang="IN" style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-78641455169881472272009-10-05T06:38:00.000-07:002009-10-05T06:43:45.204-07:00balaghah III<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cu$er%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;} @page Section1 {size:841.9pt 595.3pt; mso-page-orientation:landscape; margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-header-margin:35.45pt; mso-footer-margin:35.45pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 4.65pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="height: 15pt;"> <td colspan="8" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1038pt; height: 15pt;" valign="bottom" width="1384" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">SILABUS 2009 MTsN MULAWARMAN 2008-2009<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.75pt; height: 15.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt; height: 15.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="144" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126pt; height: 15.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="168" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 15.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="156" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt; height: 15.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="204" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 258.25pt; height: 15.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="344" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89pt; height: 15.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="119" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 15.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="128" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.2pt;"> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.75pt; height: 14.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">Nama Madrasah<span style=""> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt; height: 14.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="144" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">MTsN Mulawarman<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126pt; height: 14.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="168" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 14.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="156" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt; height: 14.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="204" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 258.25pt; height: 14.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="344" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89pt; height: 14.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="119" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 14.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="128" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 23.25pt;"> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.75pt; height: 23.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">Mata Pelajaran<span style=""> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt; height: 23.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="144" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">Bahasa Arab<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126pt; height: 23.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="168" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 23.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="156" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt; height: 23.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="204" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 258.25pt; height: 23.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="344" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89pt; height: 23.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="119" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 23.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="128" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.25pt;"> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.75pt; height: 14.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">Kelas/ Semester :<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt; height: 14.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="144" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">VIII/ 1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126pt; height: 14.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="168" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 14.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="156" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt; height: 14.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="204" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 258.25pt; height: 14.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="344" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89pt; height: 14.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="119" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 14.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="128" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.25pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.75pt; height: 14.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="121" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">Standar Kompetensi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt; height: 14.25pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="144" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">Kompetensi Dasar <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126pt; height: 14.25pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="168" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">Indikator<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 14.25pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="156" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">Materi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt; height: 14.25pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="204" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">Pengalaman belajar<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 258.25pt; height: 14.25pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="344" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89pt; height: 14.25pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="119" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">Sumber Belajar<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 14.25pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="128" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">Alokasi Waktu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 313.5pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.75pt; height: 313.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="121"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">1.<span style=""> </span>Mendengarkan/ Istima' Memahami makna dalam hiwar dan teks lisan sederhana<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt; height: 313.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">1.1merespon makna dalam hiwar menggunakan ragam bahasa lisan sederhana tentang</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="ltr"></span> <span dir="rtl">العربية</span></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>.<span style=""> </span>merespon makna dalam hiwar dan teks lisan yang menggunakan ragam bahasa sederhana yang meliputi struktur kalimat dasar; fi'il mudhari dengan pelaku </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">أنا, أنت, أنت</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>.<span style=""> </span>merespon gagasan yang terdapat dalam hiwar dan teks lisan sederhana tentang</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة العربية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span> Dengan mengunakan struktur kalimat dasar yang meliputi; fi'il mudhari dengan pelaku </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">أنا, أنت, أنت</span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126pt; height: 313.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">1.1 mendemonstrasikan kembali teks tentang </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة العربية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span> Sesuai hiwar yang diperdengarkan 1.2.menjelaskan makna ragam fi'il mudhari yang terdapat dalam hiwar yang diperdengarkan 1.3. menjelaskan sepintas makna dan gagasan yang terdapat dalam hiwar yang di perdengarkan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 313.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">istima' tentang</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة العربية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>.yang menggunakan 20- 25 mufradat baru yang berkaitan dengan hiwar yang disampaikan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt; height: 313.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="204"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">siswa mendengarkan dan menyimak teks hiwar yang disampaikan melalui VCD 1.2 mengidentifikasi makna kata dan kalimat dalam hiwar yang diperdengarkan kemudian menjelaskannya 1.3 mengidentifikasi struktur fi'il mudhari yang terdapat dalam hiwar yang diperdengarkan kemudian menjelaskan secara singkat dengan pengetahuan awal yang dimilikinya tentang fi'il mudhari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 258.25pt; height: 313.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="344"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">tes lisan, mengucapkan kembali mufradat yang terdapat dihiwar dan menjelaskan struktur kata fi'il mudhari dengan pengetahuan awal yang diketahuinya<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89pt; height: 313.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" width="119"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">buku paket, linguaphone, VCD, koran,alat peraga,dll.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 313.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" width="128"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">8 JP ( 8 X 45 mnt )<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 156.75pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.75pt; height: 156.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="121"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">2.<span style=""> </span>Membaca/ Qira'ah Memahami makna dan kandungan teks tulis sederhana<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt; height: 156.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">2.1.<span style=""> </span>Membaca nyaring bermakna kata, frase, dan kalimat, dengan tekanan,dan intonasi yang diterima, yang berkaitan dengan</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="ltr"></span> <span dir="rtl">اللغة العربية</span></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">Dengan menggunakan struktur kalimat dasar yang meliputi; fi'il mudhari dengan pelaku </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">أنا, أنت, أنت</span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126pt; height: 156.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">2.1 melafalkan materi Qiroah tentang </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة العربية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span> Dengan struktur kalimat dasar fi'il mudhari dengan pelaku………………... 2.2. menjelaskan gagasan yang terkandung dalam teks tertulis yang berkaitan dengan </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="ltr"></span> <span dir="rtl">العربية</span></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 156.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">membaca<span style=""> </span>mufradat dan teks tentang</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="ltr"></span> <span dir="rtl">العربية</span></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt; height: 156.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="204"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">siswa membaca materi qiroah tentang </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة العربية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span> Dibawah bimbingan guru kemudian siswa dapat mengetahui ketentuan membaca yang benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 258.25pt; height: 156.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="344"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">tes lisan , mengucapkan hiwar dengan benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89pt; height: 156.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="119" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 156.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="128" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 356.25pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.75pt; height: 356.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="121"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">3.<span style=""> </span>Berbicara/Kalam Mengungkapkan hiwar dan teks lisan sederhana<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt; height: 356.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">3.1 melafalkan materi hiwar dengan baik dan benar mengenai </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="ltr"></span> <span dir="rtl">العربية</span></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">materi hiwar kalimat dasar yang meliputi; fi'il mudhari dengan pelaku </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">أنا, أنت, أنت</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=""> </span>mendemonstrasikan hiwar sederhana dengan lafal dan intonasi yang benar mengenai</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="ltr"></span> <span dir="rtl">العربية</span></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span> Dengan menggunakan struktur kalimat dasar yang meliputi; fi'il mudhari dengan pelaku </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">أنا, أنت, أنت</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>.<span style=""> </span>Mengungkapkan gagasan yang terdapat dalam teks hiwar dan teks lisan dengan sederhana mengenai</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة العربية</span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">dengan struktur kalimat dasar yang meliputi; fi'il mudhari dengan pelaku </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">أنا, أنت, أنت</span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126pt; height: 356.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">mengucapkan mufradat baru tentang</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة العربية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span> Dengan lafal yang baik dan benar 2.2. mendemonstrasikan materi hiwar tentang</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="ltr"></span> <span dir="rtl">العربية</span></span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span> Secara berpasangan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 356.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">hiwar tentang</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة العربية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>.yang menggunakan 20-25 mufradat baru dan struktur kalimat dasar yang terdiri dari fi'il mudhari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt; height: 356.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="204"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">3.1 siswa mendemonstrasikan meteri hiwar tentang</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="ltr"></span> <span dir="rtl">العربية</span></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">didepan kelas secara berpasangan 3.2 siswa melakukan tanya jawab dengan mufradat yang terdapat dalam </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة العربية</span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">dengan struktur kalimat yang diajarkan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 258.25pt; height: 356.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="344"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">tes lisan dan tertulis tentang makna struktur fi'il mudhari dan mengungkapkan gagasan ungkapan yang<span style=""> </span>terdapat dalam kalimat<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89pt; height: 356.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="119" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 356.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="128" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 213.75pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.75pt; height: 213.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="121"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">4.Menulis/kitabah Pengungkapan gagasan sederhana dalam bentu teks tertulis<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt; height: 213.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">4.1 mentransfer gagasan sederhana dalam bentuk teks tertulis yang berkaitan dengan</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة العربية</span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">dengan menggunakan<span style=""> </span>struktur kalimat dasar teks tertulis yang meliputi; fi'il mudhari dengan pelaku </span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">أنا, أنت, أنت</span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126pt; height: 213.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="168"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">menggunakan mufradat dalam kalimat-kalimat yang disediakan dengan cepat. 3.2. menyusun kalimat dengan menggunakan kata-kata yang disediakan 3.3. menyusun paragraf dengan ungkapan yang disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 213.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">insya dengan menggunakan mufradat dan struktur kalimat yang telah dipelajari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt; height: 213.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="204"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">siswa menyusun kalimat yang berkaitan dengan materi</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة العربية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span> dengan mufraat yang di ketahuinya 4.2 siswa melengkapi teks hiwar tentang</span><span dir="rtl" style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA">تعلم اللغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="ltr"></span> <span dir="rtl">العربية</span></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">dengan mufradat yang benar 4.3 siswa menterjemahkan kalimat berbahasa <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> yang berkaitan dengan belajar bahasa arab ke bahasa arab <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 258.25pt; height: 213.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="344"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB">tes tertulis tentang imla, menyusun kalimat acak menjadi sempurna dan menggunakan mufradat yang tepat dalam sebuah kalimat 4.2 tes tertulis penyusunan kalimat dan paragraf 4.3 menterjemahkan kalimat bahasa indonesia ke bahasa arab dengan menggunakan struktur fi'il mudhari tentang topik yang dibicarakan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 89pt; height: 213.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="119" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96pt; height: 213.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="128" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:11;color:black;" lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-36076264461411647892009-07-19T23:48:00.001-07:002010-07-25T22:17:15.809-07:00ADM & MANAJ PENDD(Syarat Kepala Sekolah)<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CINTERN%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City" downloadurl="http://www.5iamas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place" downloadurl="http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; 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line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab I<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Sekolah merupakan organisasi kerja yang mewadahi sejumlah orang dalam bekerja sama untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Berbeda dengan organisasi kerja yang lain dengan volume dan beban kerja yang pada umumnya tidak menyangkut manusia. Sehubungan dengan itu meskipun terdapat kesamaan dengan semua bentuk organisasi kerja yang memerlukan pimpinan bagi sekelompok orang yang harus mewujudkan beban kerja masing-masing, namun terdapat perbedaan didalam kepemimpinan di sekolah yang menyentuh juga objek beban tugasnya yang terdiri dari sekelompok siswa sebagai siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepemimpinan disekolah untuk mencapai tujuannya, tidak sekedar dipengaruhi oleh kemampuan mengarahkan dan mendayagunakan manusia sebagai pelaksana kerja, tetapi juga dipengaruhi oleh manusia yabg dikenai pekerjaan dan atau pelaksanaan kerja. Oleh karena itulah maka masalah kepemimpinan sekolah menjadi rumit dari pada kepemimpinan lingkungan organisasi kerja yang lainnya<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepala sekolah memegang peranan penting dalam perkembangan sekolah. Oleh karena itu, ia harus memiliki jiwa kepemimpinan untuk mengtur para guru, pegawai tata usaha, dan pegawai sekolah lainnya. Dalam hal ini, kepala sekolah tidak hanya mengatur para guru saja, melainkan juga ketatausahaan sekolah, siswa, hubungan sekolah dengan masyarakat dan orang tua siswa<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab II<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Persyaratan Kepala Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>Telah kita ketahui bahwa tugas kepala sekolah itu sangatlah berat dan banyak dan memiliki tanggung jawab yang besar, maka tidaklah sembarang orang yang patut menjadi kepala sekolah, seorang yang menjadi kepala sekolah harus memiliki berbagai persyaratan tertentu agar ia dapat menjalankan tugasnya dengan baik, masing-masing persyaratan tersebut memiliki keterkaitan antara satu dengan yang lainnya, beberapa persyaratan tersebut diantaranya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Memiliki Ijazah.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Dalam peraturan yang berlaku dilingkungan departemen pendidikan dan kebudayaan, untuk setiap tingkatan dan jenis sekolah yang sudah ditetapkan syarat-syaratnya untuk pengangkatan kepala sekolah. Seperti telah kita ketahui bahwa untuk menjadi kepala sekolah TK dan SD serendah-rendahnya berijazah SGA / SPG. Untuk kepala sekolah SMTP serendah-rendahnya berijazah sarjana muda B1. karena jenis SMTP itu bermacam-macam (SMP, SMA, STM, SMKK, SPMA, dll), maka ijazah yang diperlukan bagi kepala sekolah hendaknya sesuai dengan jurusan / jenis sekolah yang dipimpinnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Pengalaman Kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengalaman kerja merupakan syarat penting yang tidak dapat diabadikan. Bagaimana bisa<span style=""> </span>memimpin apabila ia belum mempunyai pengalaman bekerja atau menjadi guru pada jenis yang dipimpinnya. Dalam hal pengalaman kerja, tidak ditentukan jangka waktu yang dibutuhkan karena hal itu tergantung pada jenis sekolah. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Ada</st1:city></st1:place> sekolah yang menghendaki agar kepala sekolahnya memiliki pengalaman kerja yangrelatif lama, sementara itu ada juga yang sekolah yang tidak memperhatikan lamanya pengalaman kerjanya. Biasanya sekolah yang menuntut agar kepala sekolahnya memiliki pengalaman bekerja yang relative lama adalah sekolah-sekolah yang berkualitas yang sangat baik, yang memiliki guru-guru professional sehingga mampu menghasilkan lulusan siswa yang memiliki pengetahuan lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sekolah lain yang sejenis. Sebaliknya sekolah yang tidak menekankan lamanya pengalaman bekerja kepala sekolah biasanya disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, diantaranya tenaga pengajar yang ada sangat berkompeen dan memiliki banyak pengalaman dalam melaksanakan kegiatan sehingga dapat melaksanakn tugasnya dengan baik, kepala sekokolah yang lama memasuki masa pensiun, sedangkan sekolah sama sekali belum memiliki penggantinya, atau pun penyebab lainnya. Pihak yang menempatkan<span style=""> </span>kepala sekolah ini adalah pihak yayasan pendidikan ataupun pemerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Memiliki Kepribadaian yang Baik.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Seorang kepala sekolah hendaknya memiliki kepribadian yang baik sesuai dengan kepemimpinan yang akan dipegangnya. Segi kepribadian ini memegang peranan penting dalam kegiatan administrasi disekolah. Seorang kepala sekolah yang tidak berpendirian, emosional, ceroboh, pmarah, dan berbagai sifat buruk yang lainnya akan menghambat terciptanya tujuan pendidikan organisasi sekolah. Sebaliknya, kepala sekolah yang memiliki sifat pengayom, penyabar, tidak ceroboh, luwes, ramah,tegas tetapi tidak kaku, membantu guru dalam menjalankan tugas-tugasnyamenyebabkan suasana sekolah menjadi tertib dan harmonis sehingga mempercepat terwujudnya tujuan yang diharapkan, dalam hal ini pula akan terciptanya suasana tentram, aman, dan menyenangkan dalam bekerja.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="4" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Memiliki Pengetahuan dan Kecakapan Tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Seorang kepala sekolah harus memiliki pengetahuan dan kecakapan tinggi yang sesuai dengan bidang tanggung jawabnya dalam sekolah tersebut. Dengan demikian dia dapat menjalankan perannya sebagai pemimpin organisasi yang baik. Kepala sekolah juga harus memiliki ide-ide kreatif yang dapat mengembangkan sekolah<a style="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="5" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Memiliki Kemampuan Memimpin<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">kepala sekolah pelu memiliki sifat dan kemampuan memimpin, baik dikalangan guru atau pegawai non guru maupun dilingkungan siswa. Sehubungan dengan itu kepemimpinan sekolah diartikan sebagai proses mempersatukan buah pikiran dan pendapat untuk diwujudkan menjadi satu kesatuan gerak yang terarah pada pencapaian tujuan dilingkungan personil sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">kepemimpinan yang positif disekolah menuntut kemampuan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Keberanian, ketelitian dan kecepatan mengambil keputusan, yang harus dilaksanakan atau diwujudkan sebagai pelaksanaan kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Kemampuan mewujudkan hubungan manusiawi (<i>human relationship)</i> dengan para pelaksana (orang yang dipimpin) sehingga pemimpin dirasakan sebagai bagian dari kelompoknya yang patut didukung kebijakannya dalam mewujudkan kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kedua kemampuan itu secara sederhana mengandung makna bahwa pemimpin harus dapat menetapkan:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">APA (WHAT) yang harus dikerjakan apabila terjadinya suatu masalah yang dihadapi sekolah, misalnya: apa yang harus dikerjakan siswa jika ia ketahuan berbuat rebut dikelas<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">BAGAIMANA (HOW) mengerjakannya, misalnya: bagaimana melaksanakan tugas-tugas yang diberikan oleh guru lain karena ketidakhadiran seorang guru. Kebijaksanaan itu akan diterima dan dilaksanakan dengan baik bilamana dikomunikasikan dengan baik atas dasar hubungan manusiawi yang positif antara siswa dengan kepala sekolah dan dengan guru yang memberikan tugas sebagai pengganti<a style="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Fungsi Kepala Sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Fungsi-fungsi kepala sekolah adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Kepala Sekolah sebagai Penanggung Jawab.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepala merupakan personil sekolah yang bertanggung jawab terhadap seluruh kegiatan-kegiatan sekolah. Ia mempunyai wewenang dan tanggung jawab penuh untuk menyelenggarakan seluruh kegiatan pendidikan dalam lingkungan sekolah yang dipimpinnya dengan dasar pancasila dan bertujuan untuk:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Meningkatkan ketakwaan terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Meningkatkan kecerdasan dan keterampilan;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Mempertinggi budi pekerti;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Memperkuat kepribadian;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Mempertebal semangat kebangsaan dan cinta tanah air.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepala sekolah tidak hanya bertanggung jawab atas kelancaran jalannya sekolah secara teknis akademis saja, akan tetapi segala kegiatan, keadaan linkungan sekolah dengan kondisi dan situasi serta berhubungan dengan masyrakat sekitarnya merupakan tanggung jawab kepala sekolah pula. Inisiatif dan kreatif yang mengarah kepada perkembangan dan kemajuan sekolah adalah merupakan tugas dan tanggung jawab kepala sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan-kegiatan sekolah yang menjadi tanggung jawab kepala sekolah adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur proses belajar-mengajar.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur kesiswaan.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur personalia.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur peralatan pengajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur dan memelihara gedung dan perlengkapan sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur keuangan.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur hubungan sekolah dengan masyarakat<a style="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Kepala Sekolah Sebagai Administrator.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Kepala sekolah sebagai administrator memiliki hubungan yang sangat erat dengan berbagai aktivitas pengelolaan administrasi yang bersifat pencatatan, penyusunan dan pendokumenan seluruh program sekolah. Secara spesifik, kepala sekolah harus memiliki kemampuan untuk mengelola kurikulum, mengelola administrasi peserta didik, mengelola administrasi personalia, mengelola administrasi sarana dan prasarana, mengelola administrasi kearsipan, dan mengelola administrasi keuangan. Kegiatan tersebut perlu dilakukan secara efektif dan efisien agar dapat menunjang produktivitas sekolah. Untuk itu, kepala sekolah harus mampu menjabarkan kemampuan di atas dalam tugas-tugas operasional.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Membuat Perencanaan.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Dalam berbagai kegiatan administrasi, membuat perencanaan mutlak diperlukan. Perencanaan yang ditentukan oleh kepala sekolah tergantung pada berbagai faktor, diantaranya: banyaknya sumber daya manusia yang ada, banyaknya dana yang tersedia, dan jangka waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk pelaksanaan rencana tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Perencanaan yang perlu dilakukan oleh kepala sekolah, diantaranya menyusun program tahunan sekolah, yang mencakup program pengajaran, kesiswaan, kepegawaian, keuangan, dan penyediaan fasilitas yang diperlukan. Kemudian perencanaan itu dituangkan dalam rencana tahunan sekolah yang dijabarkan dalam dua program semester.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">program pengajaran<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Program pengajaran yang harus dilakukan oleh kepala sekolah adalah penyediaan kebutuhan guru, pembagian tugas mengajar, pengadaan berbagai fasilitas, diantaranya penambahan laboratorium, lapangan olah raga, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">program kesiswaan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">mencakup penerimaan siswa baru, berapa banyak yang akan ditampung, apakah perlu menambah kelas lagi, pengadaan bimbingan dan penyuluhan bagi siswa dengan bekerja sama dengan lembaga-lembaga bimbingan yang bersangkutan, pelayanan kesehatan sekolah yang bekerja sama dengan rumah sakit atau puskesmas terdekat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">kepegawaian<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">kepegawaian ini meliputi guru-guru baru, mengadakan orientasi bagi guru baru, memberikan tugas-tugas kepada guru, petugas administrasi sekolah,petugas kebersihan sekolah, pemutasian dan pemindahan pegawai, dan lain-lain. Bila perlu bekerja sama dengan pihak tertentu untuk menambah kegiatan ekstrakurikuler bagi para siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">keuangan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">keuangan ini meliputi pengadaan dana bagi keseluruhan administrasi pendidikan, diantaranya pengaturan gaji bagi seluruh pegawai sekolah, mengajukan penambahan dana dari pihak pemerintah, yayasan dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">saran dan prasarana<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">ini mencakup penambahan sarana olah raga, kegiatan ekstrakurikuler, laboratorium, perbaikan gedung sekolah, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Menyusun Struktur Organisasi Sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Organisasi memainkan peranan penting dalam fungsi administrasi karena merupakan tempat pelaksanaan semua kegiatan administrasi. Selain itu, dilihat dari fungsinya organisasi juga menetapkan dan menyusun hubungan kerja seluruh anggota organisasi agar tidak terjadi tumpang tindih dalam melakukan tugasnya masing-masing.oleh karena itu organisasi perlu disusun secara sisitematis agar kegiatan administrasi sekolah dapat berjalan dengan lancar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Penyusunan organisasi merupakan tanggung jawab kepala sekolah sebagai administrator pendidikan. Sebelum ditetapkan penyusunan organisasi, sebaiknya dibahas bersama-sama dengan seluruh anggota agar hasil yang diperoleh benar-benar merupakan kesepakatan bersama. Dengan adanya organisasi ini pula memudahkan untuk mencapai tujuan karena seluruh anggota organisasi sekolah dengan jelas tugas-tugas mereka, kewajiban yang dilakukan dan tanggung jawab atas tugas-tugas mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Beberapa yang harus diperhatikan dalam penyusunan organisasi adalah strukturnya disusun secara sederhana, fleksibel tetapi bersifat permanent, memiliki tujuan yang jelas, memiliki batasan tugas dan tanggung jawab yang jelas. Selain itu pembagian tugasnya pun sesuai dengan kemampuan yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing anggota administrasi sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Sebagai Koordinator dalam Organisasi Sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Betapa pun baiknya struktur organisasi yang telah disusun dan jelasnya pembagian tugas didalamnya, bila tidak dikoordinasikan, maka tujuan yang diharapkan tidak akan tercapai<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengoordinasian merupakan kegiatan menghubungakan seluruh personal organisasi dengan tugas yang dilakukannya sehingga terjalin kesatuan, keselarasan sehingga menghasilkan kebijaksanaan dan keputusan yang tepat. Tindakan pengoordinasian ini meliputi pengawasan, pemberian, penilaian, pengarahan dan bimbingan terhadap setiap personal organisasi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengoordinasian organisasi sekolah ini merupakan wewenang dari kepala sekolah. Untuk itu, kecakapan kepala sekolah mutlak diperlukan. Dalam melakukan pengoordinasian ini sebaiknya kepala sekolah juga melibatkan pihak lain, seperti bimbingan dan konseling, guru yang menangani pengaturan kurikulum, wali kelas, petugas tata usaha, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="4" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Mengatur kepegawaian dalam organisasi sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Berbagai tugas yang berkenaan dengan kepegawaian sepenuhnya merupakan wewenang kepala sekolah. Dia memiliki wewenang untuk mengangkat pegawai, mempromosikan, menempatkan, atau memerima pegawai baru, baik guru, pegawai tata usaha, ataupun pembimbing ekstrakurikuler.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengelolaan kepegawaian ini akan berjalan dengan baik bila kepala sekolah memperhatikan kesinambungan antara pemberian tugas dan dengan kondisi dan kemampuan pelaksanaannya, misalnya berdassarkan jenis kelamin. kepala sekolah harus memperhatikan keseimbangan tersebut agar proses kerja administrasi menjadi lancar. Selain itu, kepala sekolah juga memperhatikan kesejahteraan pegawainya dengan menyediakan keperluan yang mereka butuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Beberapa cara yang dapat dilakukan oleh kepala sekolah dalam mengelola pegawainya, diantaranya: mengadakan diskusi, membentuk koperasi, memberikan bantuan dan kesempatan seluas-luasnya kepada para pegawainya untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mereka, dan sebagainya<a style="" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Tanggung Jawab Kepala Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Dalam undang-undang Nomor 2 tahun 1989, Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, ditegaskan bahwa pelaksanaan ketentuan yang menyangkut pengelolaan, penilaian, bimbingan, pengawasan dan pengembangan bagi sekolah-sekolah yang diselenggarakan pemerintah, dan menjadi tanggung jawab pemerintah. Artinya mengeluarkan peraturan dan pedoman tentang bagaimana pengelolaan, penilaian, bimbingan pengawasan dan pengembangan pendidikan tersebut dilaksanakan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>Walaupun demikian, dalam bab dan pasal-pasal peraturan pemerintah tersebut, ditegaskan bahwa kepala sekolah bertanggung jawab atas penyelenggaraan kegiatan pendidikan, dengan demikian<span style=""> </span>kepala sekolah juga mempunyai kewajiban untuk selalu mengadakan pembinaan dalam arti berusaha agar pengelolaan, penilaian, bimbingan, pengawasan, dan pengembangan pendidikan dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pelaksanaan ketentuan yang sebagaimana yang diatur oleh pemerintah tersebut, secara garis besar meliputi proses, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>Pengelolaan<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Bimbingan<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pembiayaan<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengawasan<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengembangan<a style="" href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Pembinaan Program Pengajaran<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh para ahli, bahwa seorang kepala sekolah dan sekolah yang berhasil menunjukkan adanya<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">keterkaitan terhadap perbaikan pengajaran;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">pengetahuan dari / partisipasi yang kuat didalam aktivitas kelas;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">pemantauan terhadap penggunaan efektifitas waktu pelajaran;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">usaha membantu program tentang hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">memiliki sikap positif kearah para guru, pustakawan, laboran, tenaga administrasi, dan para siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Oleh sebab itu betapa pentingnya pembinaan pengajaran sebagai suatu usaha memperbaiki program pengajaran untuk dipahami oleh setiap kepala sekolah. Dengan mengetahui dan memahami tahap-tahap proses perbaikan pengajaran akan membantu para kepala sekolah untuk melaksanakan pembinaan program pengajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Salah satu indikasi keberhasilan sekolah adalah keterikatan yang tinggi kepala sekolah terhadap perbaikan pengajaran. Untuk itulah kepala sekolah sesuai dengan jenjang sekolah yang dipimpinnya perlu memahami program pengajaran masing-masing.<a style="" href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Pembinaan Kesiswaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Seorang kepala sekolah, para guru, dan tenaga fungsional yang lain, menyadari bahwa titik pusat tujuan sekolah adalah menyediakan program pendidikan yang direncanakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan, pribadi dan kebutuhan kemasyarakatan serta kepentingan individu para siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="">Para</span></st1:place><span style=""> siswa merupakan klien utama yang harus dilayani, oleh sebab itu para siswa harus dilibatkan secara aktif dan tepat, tidak hanya didalam proses belajar-mengajar, melainkan juga didalam kegiatan sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Tanggung jawab kepala sekolah dalam hal ini mengadakan pengendalian kehadiran para siswa, penerapan disiplin, kebebasan mengemukakan pendapat dan menghormati proses hak-hak seluruh siswa secara tepat.<a style="" href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Pembinaan Staf<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Yang dimaksud dengan staf adalah sekelompok sumber daya manusia yang bertugas membantu kepala sekolah, terdiri dari para guru, laboran, pustakawan, dan kelompok sumber daya manusia yang bertugas sebagai tenaga administrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Guru atau tenaga pendidik, ialah sekelompok sumber daya manusia yang ditugasi untuk membimbing, mengajar dan atau melatih para peserta didik, mereka adalah tenaga pengajar, tenaga pendidik yang secara khusus diangkat dengan tugas utama mengajar pada jenjang pendidikan dasar dan menengah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="">Para</span></st1:place><span style=""> guru merupakan bagian integral dari keberadaan sumber daya manusia dan mempunyai peranan strategis dalam kehidupan suatu sekolah. Oleh karena itu agar tugas-tugas pembinaan bagi para guru oleh kepala sekolah dapat dilaksanakan dengan efektif.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Seorang kepala sekolah yang mempunyai arti vital dalam proses pendidikan harus mampu mengolah dan memanfaatkan segala sumber daya manusia yang ada, sehingga tercapai efektivitass sekolah yang melahirkan perubahan kepada anak didik.<a style="" href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="4" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Anggaran Belanja Dan Fasilitas Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Keberhasilan suatu sekolah secara langsung dipengaruhi oleh ketepatan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dalam mengusahakan sumber daya material yang ada pada suatu sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Oleh sebab itu peranan kepala sekolah dalam kerangka manajeman, berkewajiban untuk menjabarkan tujuan dan sasaran sekolah kedalam istilah-istilah yang pragmatik tentang:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">permintaan anggaran yang spesifik;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">mempersiapkan dan mempertahankan anggaran sekolah;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">pemantauan atau monitoring terhadap pendayagunaan sumber-sumber tersedia;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">evaluasi hasil-hasil pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Berkaitan dengan pokok-pokok tanggung jawab seorang kepala sekolah terhadap perencanaan gedung, operasi, dan pemeliharaannya ada satu kerangka kerja konsepsional yang didasarkan pada teori sistem secara umum, mekanisme sekolah hubungannya dengan lingkungan yaitu input, proses, output, feedback.<a style="" href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="5" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Anggaran belanja Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Siklus anggaran belanja sekolah yang mencakup perencanaan, persiapan, pengelolaan dan evaluasi anggaran sekolah memerlukan perhatian yang cermat dari kepala sekolah. Sebab kecermatan kepala sekolah terhadap proses anggaran belanja sekolah akan meningkatkan kewibawaan kepala sekolah terhadap keberhasilan sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Anggaran belanja suatu sekolah pada dasarnya, adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pernyataan sistem yang berkaitan dengan program pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Oleh karena itu kepala sekolah harus memahami dan berlatih tentang jiwa administrasi dan teknik-teknik manajeman bisnis keseluruhan proses anggaran belanja.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Secara khusus ada tiga macam pendekatan tentang penyusunan anggaran belanja yang biasa dipergunakan disekolah, yaitu: comparative, approach, the planning programming-budgeting-evaluating-system approach (PPBES) dan the functional opproach.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Secara singkat dari ketiga macam pendekatan tersebut , menunjukkan ciri-ciri pokok sebagai berkut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Comparative Approach<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Melakukan perbandingan laporan atau catatan penerima dengan pengeluaran antara satu tahun anggaran dengan tahun anggaran berikutnya;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Didalam keputusan anggaran belanja ini didasarkan pada peningakatan tambahan dari satu hal pada waktunya ke hal yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">PPBES<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Menjabarkan tujuan kedalam program-program ke dalam saran-saran khusus yang akan dicapai;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Menjabarkan kedalam berbagai alat alternatif untuk mencapai sasaran;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Menjabarkan nilai (<i>price</i>) dari masing-masing alternatif;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Menjabarkan biaya pelaksanaan dan evaluasi masing-masing program.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Fungctional Approach<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Termasuk kedalam pendekatan fungsional ini adalah elemen-eleman yang dalam terkandung pendekatan comparative dan PPBES.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Dalam pendekatan ini proses anggaran dimulai dari tujuan sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Zero based budgeting yang dimodifikasi merupakan variasi suatu dari pendekatan fungsional, di mana program-program diuji kaitannya dengan tujuan antara putara satu-lima tahun.<a style="" href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Proses anggaran belanja sekolah dilukiskan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Perencanaan Anggaran<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Menilai masyarakat, sekolah dan kebutuhan peserta didik, permasalahan dan isu-isu;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Mengadakan identifikasi dan meninjau kembali tujuan dan prioritas;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Menjabarkan tujuan yang bersifat umum kedalam pelaksanaan pencapaian sasaran yang dapat diukur;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Mengembangkan struktur dan format program demi tercapainya sasaran;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Memberikan rekomendasi dan selaksi, alternatif pembiayaan yang paling efektif untuk mencapai sasaran. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Persiapan Anggaran Belanja<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">seorang kepala sekolah harus menaruh perhatian terhadap mekanisme proses persiapan anggaran.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Inventarisasi yang tepat tentang perlengkapan yang ada, material, dan barang persediaan harud dipelihara untuk mencegah duplikasi yang tidak perlu dan pemborosan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Didalam menyajikan satu anggaran untuk diterima, seorang kepala sekolah harus benar-benar siap untuk mempertahankan setiap item anggaran.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengelolaan Anggaran Belanja<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">setelah anggaran belanja direncanakan, dipersiapkan dan diterima, seorang kepala sekolah bertanggung jawab untuk mengelola dan memonitor penggunaan berbagai sumber secara efesien dan melakukan evaluasi hasil-hasil program yang berkaitan dengan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengelolaan sumber daya suatu sekolah mencakup perhatian yang cermat untuk menyediakan laporan (pertanggungjawaban), pembelian, dan kontrol terhadap prosedur untuk memberi kepastian bahwa dana yang disediakan telah dibukukan dan dikeluarkan sesuai dengan anggaran.<a style="" href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="6" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Evaluasi Anggaran Belanja<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">langkah akhir proses penganggaran adalah evaluasi bagaimana anggaran dapat melayani dengan baik untuk meningkatkan efektivitas sekolah. Evaluasi sering menunjukkan kemungkinan adanya perbedaan didalam: tujuan, prioritas, dan penggunaan berbagai sumber daya yang tersedia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Oleh karena itu tahap evaluasi, secara esensial menjawab terhadap pertanyaan-pertanyaan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Apakah tujuan dan sasaran yang sedang dicapai / diusahakan oleh sekolah mempengaruhi anggaran?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Standar<span style=""> </span>dan ukuran apa yang akan dipakai untuk menentukan bila tujuan dan sasaran dapat dicapai?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Siapa yang menentukan apa yang menjadi standar keberhasilan suatu tujuan dapat dicapai?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Biaya-biaya apa saja yang memadai untuk mencapai masing-masing tujuan dan sasaran?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Mana tujuan yang dapat diterima dengan tepat dipandang dari standar pendidikan dan kebutuhan masyarakat?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Apa perlu program pendidikan ditambah, diperkecil, dikurangi, ditingkatkan atau diubah?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Apakah tersedia sumber-sumber yang tepat untuk mencapai tujuan dan sasaran?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Sumber-sumber daya tambahan apa saja yang diperlukan dan bagaimana mungkin sumber-sumber itu dapat diperoleh?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Akibat apa yang akan bertanggung jawab terhadap berbagai sumber tambahan, siapa yang harus memperoleh beban dalam menyediakan sumber-sumber tersebut?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Bagaimana sumber-sumber tambahan itu didistribusikan di antara program-program didalam anggaran belanja yang lain, sehingga tujuan dan sasaran dapat dicapai dengan efesien dan ekonomis?<a style="" href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab III<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Simpulan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Sebuah organisasi itu akan dikatakan baik apabila seorang pemimpinnya baik, namun dikatakan buruk apabila pemimpinya buruk. Jadi tidaklah sembarang orang yang patut menjadi kepala sekolah, seorang yang menjadi kepala sekolah harus memiliki berbagai persyaratan tertentu agar ia dapat menjalankan tugasnya dengan baik, masing-masing persyaratan tersebut memiliki keterkaitan antara satu dengan yang lainnya, beberapa persyaratan tersebut diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Memiliki ijazah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">pengalaman kerja<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">memiliki kepribadaian yang baik<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Memiliki Pengetahuan dan Kecakapan Tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Memiliki kemampuan memimpin<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Fungsi-fungsi kepala sekolah adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepala sekolah sebagai penanggung jawab<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepala sekolah sebagai administrator<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepala sekolah memiliki tanggung jawab yang dibebankan kepada dirinya sebagaimana yang diatur oleh pemerintah tersebut, secara garis besar meliputi proses, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pengelolaan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Bimbingan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pembiayaan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pengawasan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">f.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pengembangan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Dan kepala sekolah juga memiliki tanggung jawab, diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pembinaan Program Pengajaran<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pembinaan Kesiswaan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pembinaan Staf<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Anggaran Belanja Dan Fasilitas Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Anggaran Belanja Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Evaluasi Anggaran Belanja<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;" lang="IN"><span style="">F<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="" lang="IN">Burhanuddin, Yusak, 1998, <i>Administrasi Pendidikan,</i> Bandung: CV. Pustaka Setia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;" lang="IN"><span style="">F<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="" lang="IN">Nawawi, Hadari dkk, 1986, <i>Administrasi Sekolah,</i> Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">F<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="" lang="IN">M. Daryanto, 2006, <i>Administrasi Pendidikan</i>, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">F<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Wahjosumidjo, 2002, <i>Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah,</i> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>: PT RajaGrafindo Persada</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">F<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB">Indrafachrudi, Soekarto, dkk, 1981. <em>Bagaimana Memimpin Sekolah yang Efektif</em>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Malang</st1:city></st1:place>: CV. Ardi Manunggal Jaya</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all"> <hr align="left" width="33%" size="1"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="" lang="IN">Drs. Yusak Burhanuddin, 1998, <i>Administrasi Pendidikan,</i> Bandung: CV. Pustaka Setia. hal. 119-120<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="" lang="IN">Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi dkk, 1986, <i>Administrasi Sekolah,</i> Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia. hal. 190 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="" lang="IN">Drs. H. M. Daryanto, 2006, <i>Administrasi Pendidikan</i>, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. hal. 80<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="" lang="IN">Drs. Yusak Burhanuddin, <i>Op.Cit.</i> hal. 120-125<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span> </span><span style="">Wahjosumidjo, 2002, <i>Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah,</i> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>: PT RajaGrafindo Persada. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="">hal. 203-204</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 206-207<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 239-240</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 271-272</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 305-306</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 315-317</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 318-321</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; 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mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} @list l22 {mso-list-id:1895122277; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:83809620 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;} @list l22:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:54.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:54.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >Bab I<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Sekolah merupakan organisasi kerja yang mewadahi sejumlah orang dalam bekerja sama untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Berbeda dengan organisasi kerja yang lain dengan volume dan beban kerja yang pada umumnya tidak menyangkut manusia. Sehubungan dengan itu meskipun terdapat kesamaan dengan semua bentuk organisasi kerja yang memerlukan pimpinan bagi sekelompok orang yang harus mewujudkan beban kerja masing-masing, namun terdapat perbedaan didalam kepemimpinan di sekolah yang menyentuh juga objek beban tugasnya yang terdiri dari sekelompok siswa sebagai siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepemimpinan disekolah untuk mencapai tujuannya, tidak sekedar dipengaruhi oleh kemampuan mengarahkan dan mendayagunakan manusia sebagai pelaksana kerja, tetapi juga dipengaruhi oleh manusia yabg dikenai pekerjaan dan atau pelaksanaan kerja. Oleh karena itulah maka masalah kepemimpinan sekolah menjadi rumit dari pada kepemimpinan lingkungan organisasi kerja yang lainnya<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepala sekolah memegang peranan penting dalam perkembangan sekolah. Oleh karena itu, ia harus memiliki jiwa kepemimpinan untuk mengtur para guru, pegawai tata usaha, dan pegawai sekolah lainnya. Dalam hal ini, kepala sekolah tidak hanya mengatur para guru saja, melainkan juga ketatausahaan sekolah, siswa, hubungan sekolah dengan masyarakat dan orang tua siswa<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >Bab II<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Persyaratan Kepala Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>Telah kita ketahui bahwa tugas kepala sekolah itu sangatlah berat dan banyak dan memiliki tanggung jawab yang besar, maka tidaklah sembarang orang yang patut menjadi kepala sekolah, seorang yang menjadi kepala sekolah harus memiliki berbagai persyaratan tertentu agar ia dapat menjalankan tugasnya dengan baik, masing-masing persyaratan tersebut memiliki keterkaitan antara satu dengan yang lainnya, beberapa persyaratan tersebut diantaranya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:6pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Memiliki Ijazah.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Dalam peraturan yang berlaku dilingkungan departemen pendidikan dan kebudayaan, untuk setiap tingkatan dan jenis sekolah yang sudah ditetapkan syarat-syaratnya untuk pengangkatan kepala sekolah. Seperti telah kita ketahui bahwa untuk menjadi kepala sekolah TK dan SD serendah-rendahnya berijazah SGA / SPG. Untuk kepala sekolah SMTP serendah-rendahnya berijazah sarjana muda B1. karena jenis SMTP itu bermacam-macam (SMP, SMA, STM, SMKK, SPMA, dll), maka ijazah yang diperlukan bagi kepala sekolah hendaknya sesuai dengan jurusan / jenis sekolah yang dipimpinnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:6pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Pengalaman Kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengalaman kerja merupakan syarat penting yang tidak dapat diabadikan. Bagaimana bisa<span style=""> </span>memimpin apabila ia belum mempunyai pengalaman bekerja atau menjadi guru pada jenis yang dipimpinnya. Dalam hal pengalaman kerja, tidak ditentukan jangka waktu yang dibutuhkan karena hal itu tergantung pada jenis sekolah. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Ada</st1:city></st1:place> sekolah yang menghendaki agar kepala sekolahnya memiliki pengalaman kerja yangrelatif lama, sementara itu ada juga yang sekolah yang tidak memperhatikan lamanya pengalaman kerjanya. Biasanya sekolah yang menuntut agar kepala sekolahnya memiliki pengalaman bekerja yang relative lama adalah sekolah-sekolah yang berkualitas yang sangat baik, yang memiliki guru-guru professional sehingga mampu menghasilkan lulusan siswa yang memiliki pengetahuan lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sekolah lain yang sejenis. Sebaliknya sekolah yang tidak menekankan lamanya pengalaman bekerja kepala sekolah biasanya disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, diantaranya tenaga pengajar yang ada sangat berkompeen dan memiliki banyak pengalaman dalam melaksanakan kegiatan sehingga dapat melaksanakn tugasnya dengan baik, kepala sekokolah yang lama memasuki masa pensiun, sedangkan sekolah sama sekali belum memiliki penggantinya, atau pun penyebab lainnya. Pihak yang menempatkan<span style=""> </span>kepala sekolah ini adalah pihak yayasan pendidikan ataupun pemerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:6pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Memiliki Kepribadaian yang Baik.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Seorang kepala sekolah hendaknya memiliki kepribadian yang baik sesuai dengan kepemimpinan yang akan dipegangnya. Segi kepribadian ini memegang peranan penting dalam kegiatan administrasi disekolah. Seorang kepala sekolah yang tidak berpendirian, emosional, ceroboh, pmarah, dan berbagai sifat buruk yang lainnya akan menghambat terciptanya tujuan pendidikan organisasi sekolah. Sebaliknya, kepala sekolah yang memiliki sifat pengayom, penyabar, tidak ceroboh, luwes, ramah,tegas tetapi tidak kaku, membantu guru dalam menjalankan tugas-tugasnyamenyebabkan suasana sekolah menjadi tertib dan harmonis sehingga mempercepat terwujudnya tujuan yang diharapkan, dalam hal ini pula akan terciptanya suasana tentram, aman, dan menyenangkan dalam bekerja.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:6pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="4" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Memiliki Pengetahuan dan Kecakapan Tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Seorang kepala sekolah harus memiliki pengetahuan dan kecakapan tinggi yang sesuai dengan bidang tanggung jawabnya dalam sekolah tersebut. Dengan demikian dia dapat menjalankan perannya sebagai pemimpin organisasi yang baik. Kepala sekolah juga harus memiliki ide-ide kreatif yang dapat mengembangkan sekolah<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:6pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="5" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Memiliki Kemampuan Memimpin<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">kepala sekolah pelu memiliki sifat dan kemampuan memimpin, baik dikalangan guru atau pegawai non guru maupun dilingkungan siswa. Sehubungan dengan itu kepemimpinan sekolah diartikan sebagai proses mempersatukan buah pikiran dan pendapat untuk diwujudkan menjadi satu kesatuan gerak yang terarah pada pencapaian tujuan dilingkungan personil sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">kepemimpinan yang positif disekolah menuntut kemampuan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Keberanian, ketelitian dan kecepatan mengambil keputusan, yang harus dilaksanakan atau diwujudkan sebagai pelaksanaan kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Kemampuan mewujudkan hubungan manusiawi (<i>human relationship)</i> dengan para pelaksana (orang yang dipimpin) sehingga pemimpin dirasakan sebagai bagian dari kelompoknya yang patut didukung kebijakannya dalam mewujudkan kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kedua kemampuan itu secara sederhana mengandung makna bahwa pemimpin harus dapat menetapkan:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">APA (WHAT) yang harus dikerjakan apabila terjadinya suatu masalah yang dihadapi sekolah, misalnya: apa yang harus dikerjakan siswa jika ia ketahuan berbuat rebut dikelas<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">BAGAIMANA (HOW) mengerjakannya, misalnya: bagaimana melaksanakan tugas-tugas yang diberikan oleh guru lain karena ketidakhadiran seorang guru. Kebijaksanaan itu akan diterima dan dilaksanakan dengan baik bilamana dikomunikasikan dengan baik atas dasar hubungan manusiawi yang positif antara siswa dengan kepala sekolah dan dengan guru yang memberikan tugas sebagai pengganti<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:6pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Fungsi Kepala Sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Fungsi-fungsi kepala sekolah adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:6pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Kepala Sekolah sebagai Penanggung Jawab.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepala merupakan personil sekolah yang bertanggung jawab terhadap seluruh kegiatan-kegiatan sekolah. Ia mempunyai wewenang dan tanggung jawab penuh untuk menyelenggarakan seluruh kegiatan pendidikan dalam lingkungan sekolah yang dipimpinnya dengan dasar pancasila dan bertujuan untuk:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Meningkatkan ketakwaan terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Meningkatkan kecerdasan dan keterampilan;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Mempertinggi budi pekerti;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Memperkuat kepribadian;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Mempertebal semangat kebangsaan dan cinta tanah air.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepala sekolah tidak hanya bertanggung jawab atas kelancaran jalannya sekolah secara teknis akademis saja, akan tetapi segala kegiatan, keadaan linkungan sekolah dengan kondisi dan situasi serta berhubungan dengan masyrakat sekitarnya merupakan tanggung jawab kepala sekolah pula. Inisiatif dan kreatif yang mengarah kepada perkembangan dan kemajuan sekolah adalah merupakan tugas dan tanggung jawab kepala sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan-kegiatan sekolah yang menjadi tanggung jawab kepala sekolah adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur proses belajar-mengajar.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur kesiswaan.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur personalia.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur peralatan pengajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur dan memelihara gedung dan perlengkapan sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur keuangan.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kegiatan mengatur hubungan sekolah dengan masyarakat<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:6pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Kepala Sekolah Sebagai Administrator.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Kepala sekolah sebagai administrator memiliki hubungan yang sangat erat dengan berbagai aktivitas pengelolaan administrasi yang bersifat pencatatan, penyusunan dan pendokumenan seluruh program sekolah. Secara spesifik, kepala sekolah harus memiliki kemampuan untuk mengelola kurikulum, mengelola administrasi peserta didik, mengelola administrasi personalia, mengelola administrasi sarana dan prasarana, mengelola administrasi kearsipan, dan mengelola administrasi keuangan. Kegiatan tersebut perlu dilakukan secara efektif dan efisien agar dapat menunjang produktivitas sekolah. Untuk itu, kepala sekolah harus mampu menjabarkan kemampuan di atas dalam tugas-tugas operasional.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Membuat Perencanaan.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Dalam berbagai kegiatan administrasi, membuat perencanaan mutlak diperlukan. Perencanaan yang ditentukan oleh kepala sekolah tergantung pada berbagai faktor, diantaranya: banyaknya sumber daya manusia yang ada, banyaknya dana yang tersedia, dan jangka waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk pelaksanaan rencana tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Perencanaan yang perlu dilakukan oleh kepala sekolah, diantaranya menyusun program tahunan sekolah, yang mencakup program pengajaran, kesiswaan, kepegawaian, keuangan, dan penyediaan fasilitas yang diperlukan. Kemudian perencanaan itu dituangkan dalam rencana tahunan sekolah yang dijabarkan dalam dua program semester.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">program pengajaran<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Program pengajaran yang harus dilakukan oleh kepala sekolah adalah penyediaan kebutuhan guru, pembagian tugas mengajar, pengadaan berbagai fasilitas, diantaranya penambahan laboratorium, lapangan olah raga, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">program kesiswaan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">mencakup penerimaan siswa baru, berapa banyak yang akan ditampung, apakah perlu menambah kelas lagi, pengadaan bimbingan dan penyuluhan bagi siswa dengan bekerja sama dengan lembaga-lembaga bimbingan yang bersangkutan, pelayanan kesehatan sekolah yang bekerja sama dengan rumah sakit atau puskesmas terdekat.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">kepegawaian<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">kepegawaian ini meliputi guru-guru baru, mengadakan orientasi bagi guru baru, memberikan tugas-tugas kepada guru, petugas administrasi sekolah,petugas kebersihan sekolah, pemutasian dan pemindahan pegawai, dan lain-lain. Bila perlu bekerja sama dengan pihak tertentu untuk menambah kegiatan ekstrakurikuler bagi para siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">keuangan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">keuangan ini meliputi pengadaan dana bagi keseluruhan administrasi pendidikan, diantaranya pengaturan gaji bagi seluruh pegawai sekolah, mengajukan penambahan dana dari pihak pemerintah, yayasan dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">saran dan prasarana<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">ini mencakup penambahan sarana olah raga, kegiatan ekstrakurikuler, laboratorium, perbaikan gedung sekolah, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:6pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Menyusun Struktur Organisasi Sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Organisasi memainkan peranan penting dalam fungsi administrasi karena merupakan tempat pelaksanaan semua kegiatan administrasi. Selain itu, dilihat dari fungsinya organisasi juga menetapkan dan menyusun hubungan kerja seluruh anggota organisasi agar tidak terjadi tumpang tindih dalam melakukan tugasnya masing-masing.oleh karena itu organisasi perlu disusun secara sisitematis agar kegiatan administrasi sekolah dapat berjalan dengan lancar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Penyusunan organisasi merupakan tanggung jawab kepala sekolah sebagai administrator pendidikan. Sebelum ditetapkan penyusunan organisasi, sebaiknya dibahas bersama-sama dengan seluruh anggota agar hasil yang diperoleh benar-benar merupakan kesepakatan bersama. Dengan adanya organisasi ini pula memudahkan untuk mencapai tujuan karena seluruh anggota organisasi sekolah dengan jelas tugas-tugas mereka, kewajiban yang dilakukan dan tanggung jawab atas tugas-tugas mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Beberapa yang harus diperhatikan dalam penyusunan organisasi adalah strukturnya disusun secara sederhana, fleksibel tetapi bersifat permanent, memiliki tujuan yang jelas, memiliki batasan tugas dan tanggung jawab yang jelas. Selain itu pembagian tugasnya pun sesuai dengan kemampuan yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing anggota administrasi sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Sebagai Koordinator dalam Organisasi Sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Betapa pun baiknya struktur organisasi yang telah disusun dan jelasnya pembagian tugas didalamnya, bila tidak dikoordinasikan, maka tujuan yang diharapkan tidak akan tercapai<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengoordinasian merupakan kegiatan menghubungakan seluruh personal organisasi dengan tugas yang dilakukannya sehingga terjalin kesatuan, keselarasan sehingga menghasilkan kebijaksanaan dan keputusan yang tepat. Tindakan pengoordinasian ini meliputi pengawasan, pemberian, penilaian, pengarahan dan bimbingan terhadap setiap personal organisasi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengoordinasian organisasi sekolah ini merupakan wewenang dari kepala sekolah. Untuk itu, kecakapan kepala sekolah mutlak diperlukan. Dalam melakukan pengoordinasian ini sebaiknya kepala sekolah juga melibatkan pihak lain, seperti bimbingan dan konseling, guru yang menangani pengaturan kurikulum, wali kelas, petugas tata usaha, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="4" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Mengatur kepegawaian dalam organisasi sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Berbagai tugas yang berkenaan dengan kepegawaian sepenuhnya merupakan wewenang kepala sekolah. Dia memiliki wewenang untuk mengangkat pegawai, mempromosikan, menempatkan, atau memerima pegawai baru, baik guru, pegawai tata usaha, ataupun pembimbing ekstrakurikuler.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengelolaan kepegawaian ini akan berjalan dengan baik bila kepala sekolah memperhatikan kesinambungan antara pemberian tugas dan dengan kondisi dan kemampuan pelaksanaannya, misalnya berdassarkan jenis kelamin. kepala sekolah harus memperhatikan keseimbangan tersebut agar proses kerja administrasi menjadi lancar. Selain itu, kepala sekolah juga memperhatikan kesejahteraan pegawainya dengan menyediakan keperluan yang mereka butuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Beberapa cara yang dapat dilakukan oleh kepala sekolah dalam mengelola pegawainya, diantaranya: mengadakan diskusi, membentuk koperasi, memberikan bantuan dan kesempatan seluas-luasnya kepada para pegawainya untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mereka, dan sebagainya<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Tanggung Jawab Kepala Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Dalam undang-undang Nomor 2 tahun 1989, Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, ditegaskan bahwa pelaksanaan ketentuan yang menyangkut pengelolaan, penilaian, bimbingan, pengawasan dan pengembangan bagi sekolah-sekolah yang diselenggarakan pemerintah, dan menjadi tanggung jawab pemerintah. Artinya mengeluarkan peraturan dan pedoman tentang bagaimana pengelolaan, penilaian, bimbingan pengawasan dan pengembangan pendidikan tersebut dilaksanakan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>Walaupun demikian, dalam bab dan pasal-pasal peraturan pemerintah tersebut, ditegaskan bahwa kepala sekolah bertanggung jawab atas penyelenggaraan kegiatan pendidikan, dengan demikian<span style=""> </span>kepala sekolah juga mempunyai kewajiban untuk selalu mengadakan pembinaan dalam arti berusaha agar pengelolaan, penilaian, bimbingan, pengawasan, dan pengembangan pendidikan dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pelaksanaan ketentuan yang sebagaimana yang diatur oleh pemerintah tersebut, secara garis besar meliputi proses, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>Pengelolaan<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Bimbingan<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pembiayaan<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengawasan<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengembangan<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Pembinaan Program Pengajaran<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh para ahli, bahwa seorang kepala sekolah dan sekolah yang berhasil menunjukkan adanya<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">keterkaitan terhadap perbaikan pengajaran;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">pengetahuan dari / partisipasi yang kuat didalam aktivitas kelas;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">pemantauan terhadap penggunaan efektifitas waktu pelajaran;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">usaha membantu program tentang hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">memiliki sikap positif kearah para guru, pustakawan, laboran, tenaga administrasi, dan para siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Oleh sebab itu betapa pentingnya pembinaan pengajaran sebagai suatu usaha memperbaiki program pengajaran untuk dipahami oleh setiap kepala sekolah. Dengan mengetahui dan memahami tahap-tahap proses perbaikan pengajaran akan membantu para kepala sekolah untuk melaksanakan pembinaan program pengajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Salah satu indikasi keberhasilan sekolah adalah keterikatan yang tinggi kepala sekolah terhadap perbaikan pengajaran. Untuk itulah kepala sekolah sesuai dengan jenjang sekolah yang dipimpinnya perlu memahami program pengajaran masing-masing.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Pembinaan Kesiswaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Seorang kepala sekolah, para guru, dan tenaga fungsional yang lain, menyadari bahwa titik pusat tujuan sekolah adalah menyediakan program pendidikan yang direncanakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan, pribadi dan kebutuhan kemasyarakatan serta kepentingan individu para siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><st1:place st="on"><span style="">Para</span></st1:place><span style=""> siswa merupakan klien utama yang harus dilayani, oleh sebab itu para siswa harus dilibatkan secara aktif dan tepat, tidak hanya didalam proses belajar-mengajar, melainkan juga didalam kegiatan sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Tanggung jawab kepala sekolah dalam hal ini mengadakan pengendalian kehadiran para siswa, penerapan disiplin, kebebasan mengemukakan pendapat dan menghormati proses hak-hak seluruh siswa secara tepat.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Pembinaan Staf<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Yang dimaksud dengan staf adalah sekelompok sumber daya manusia yang bertugas membantu kepala sekolah, terdiri dari para guru, laboran, pustakawan, dan kelompok sumber daya manusia yang bertugas sebagai tenaga administrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Guru atau tenaga pendidik, ialah sekelompok sumber daya manusia yang ditugasi untuk membimbing, mengajar dan atau melatih para peserta didik, mereka adalah tenaga pengajar, tenaga pendidik yang secara khusus diangkat dengan tugas utama mengajar pada jenjang pendidikan dasar dan menengah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><st1:place st="on"><span style="">Para</span></st1:place><span style=""> guru merupakan bagian integral dari keberadaan sumber daya manusia dan mempunyai peranan strategis dalam kehidupan suatu sekolah. Oleh karena itu agar tugas-tugas pembinaan bagi para guru oleh kepala sekolah dapat dilaksanakan dengan efektif.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Seorang kepala sekolah yang mempunyai arti vital dalam proses pendidikan harus mampu mengolah dan memanfaatkan segala sumber daya manusia yang ada, sehingga tercapai efektivitass sekolah yang melahirkan perubahan kepada anak didik.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="4" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Anggaran Belanja Dan Fasilitas Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Keberhasilan suatu sekolah secara langsung dipengaruhi oleh ketepatan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dalam mengusahakan sumber daya material yang ada pada suatu sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Oleh sebab itu peranan kepala sekolah dalam kerangka manajeman, berkewajiban untuk menjabarkan tujuan dan sasaran sekolah kedalam istilah-istilah yang pragmatik tentang:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">permintaan anggaran yang spesifik;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">mempersiapkan dan mempertahankan anggaran sekolah;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">pemantauan atau monitoring terhadap pendayagunaan sumber-sumber tersedia;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">evaluasi hasil-hasil pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Berkaitan dengan pokok-pokok tanggung jawab seorang kepala sekolah terhadap perencanaan gedung, operasi, dan pemeliharaannya ada satu kerangka kerja konsepsional yang didasarkan pada teori sistem secara umum, mekanisme sekolah hubungannya dengan lingkungan yaitu input, proses, output, feedback.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="5" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Anggaran belanja Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Siklus anggaran belanja sekolah yang mencakup perencanaan, persiapan, pengelolaan dan evaluasi anggaran sekolah memerlukan perhatian yang cermat dari kepala sekolah. Sebab kecermatan kepala sekolah terhadap proses anggaran belanja sekolah akan meningkatkan kewibawaan kepala sekolah terhadap keberhasilan sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Anggaran belanja suatu sekolah pada dasarnya, adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pernyataan sistem yang berkaitan dengan program pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Oleh karena itu kepala sekolah harus memahami dan berlatih tentang jiwa administrasi dan teknik-teknik manajeman bisnis keseluruhan proses anggaran belanja.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Secara khusus ada tiga macam pendekatan tentang penyusunan anggaran belanja yang biasa dipergunakan disekolah, yaitu: comparative, approach, the planning programming-budgeting-evaluating-system approach (PPBES) dan the functional opproach.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Secara singkat dari ketiga macam pendekatan tersebut , menunjukkan ciri-ciri pokok sebagai berkut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Comparative Approach<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Melakukan perbandingan laporan atau catatan penerima dengan pengeluaran antara satu tahun anggaran dengan tahun anggaran berikutnya;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Didalam keputusan anggaran belanja ini didasarkan pada peningakatan tambahan dari satu hal pada waktunya ke hal yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">PPBES<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Menjabarkan tujuan kedalam program-program ke dalam saran-saran khusus yang akan dicapai;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Menjabarkan kedalam berbagai alat alternatif untuk mencapai sasaran;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Menjabarkan nilai (<i>price</i>) dari masing-masing alternatif;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Menjabarkan biaya pelaksanaan dan evaluasi masing-masing program.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Fungctional Approach<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Termasuk kedalam pendekatan fungsional ini adalah elemen-eleman yang dalam terkandung pendekatan comparative dan PPBES.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Dalam pendekatan ini proses anggaran dimulai dari tujuan sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Zero based budgeting yang dimodifikasi merupakan variasi suatu dari pendekatan fungsional, di mana program-program diuji kaitannya dengan tujuan antara putara satu-lima tahun.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Proses anggaran belanja sekolah dilukiskan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Perencanaan Anggaran<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Menilai masyarakat, sekolah dan kebutuhan peserta didik, permasalahan dan isu-isu;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Mengadakan identifikasi dan meninjau kembali tujuan dan prioritas;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Menjabarkan tujuan yang bersifat umum kedalam pelaksanaan pencapaian sasaran yang dapat diukur;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Mengembangkan struktur dan format program demi tercapainya sasaran;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Memberikan rekomendasi dan selaksi, alternatif pembiayaan yang paling efektif untuk mencapai sasaran. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Persiapan Anggaran Belanja<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">seorang kepala sekolah harus menaruh perhatian terhadap mekanisme proses persiapan anggaran.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Inventarisasi yang tepat tentang perlengkapan yang ada, material, dan barang persediaan harud dipelihara untuk mencegah duplikasi yang tidak perlu dan pemborosan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Didalam menyajikan satu anggaran untuk diterima, seorang kepala sekolah harus benar-benar siap untuk mempertahankan setiap item anggaran.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengelolaan Anggaran Belanja<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">setelah anggaran belanja direncanakan, dipersiapkan dan diterima, seorang kepala sekolah bertanggung jawab untuk mengelola dan memonitor penggunaan berbagai sumber secara efesien dan melakukan evaluasi hasil-hasil program yang berkaitan dengan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Pengelolaan sumber daya suatu sekolah mencakup perhatian yang cermat untuk menyediakan laporan (pertanggungjawaban), pembelian, dan kontrol terhadap prosedur untuk memberi kepastian bahwa dana yang disediakan telah dibukukan dan dikeluarkan sesuai dengan anggaran.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="6" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="">Evaluasi Anggaran Belanja<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">langkah akhir proses penganggaran adalah evaluasi bagaimana anggaran dapat melayani dengan baik untuk meningkatkan efektivitas sekolah. Evaluasi sering menunjukkan kemungkinan adanya perbedaan didalam: tujuan, prioritas, dan penggunaan berbagai sumber daya yang tersedia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Oleh karena itu tahap evaluasi, secara esensial menjawab terhadap pertanyaan-pertanyaan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Apakah tujuan dan sasaran yang sedang dicapai / diusahakan oleh sekolah mempengaruhi anggaran?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Standar<span style=""> </span>dan ukuran apa yang akan dipakai untuk menentukan bila tujuan dan sasaran dapat dicapai?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Siapa yang menentukan apa yang menjadi standar keberhasilan suatu tujuan dapat dicapai?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Biaya-biaya apa saja yang memadai untuk mencapai masing-masing tujuan dan sasaran?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Mana tujuan yang dapat diterima dengan tepat dipandang dari standar pendidikan dan kebutuhan masyarakat?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Apa perlu program pendidikan ditambah, diperkecil, dikurangi, ditingkatkan atau diubah?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Apakah tersedia sumber-sumber yang tepat untuk mencapai tujuan dan sasaran?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Sumber-sumber daya tambahan apa saja yang diperlukan dan bagaimana mungkin sumber-sumber itu dapat diperoleh?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Akibat apa yang akan bertanggung jawab terhadap berbagai sumber tambahan, siapa yang harus memperoleh beban dalam menyediakan sumber-sumber tersebut?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Bagaimana sumber-sumber tambahan itu didistribusikan di antara program-program didalam anggaran belanja yang lain, sehingga tujuan dan sasaran dapat dicapai dengan efesien dan ekonomis?<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >Bab III<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >Simpulan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Sebuah organisasi itu akan dikatakan baik apabila seorang pemimpinnya baik, namun dikatakan buruk apabila pemimpinya buruk. Jadi tidaklah sembarang orang yang patut menjadi kepala sekolah, seorang yang menjadi kepala sekolah harus memiliki berbagai persyaratan tertentu agar ia dapat menjalankan tugasnya dengan baik, masing-masing persyaratan tersebut memiliki keterkaitan antara satu dengan yang lainnya, beberapa persyaratan tersebut diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Memiliki ijazah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">pengalaman kerja<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">memiliki kepribadaian yang baik<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Memiliki Pengetahuan dan Kecakapan Tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Memiliki kemampuan memimpin<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Fungsi-fungsi kepala sekolah adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepala sekolah sebagai penanggung jawab<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepala sekolah sebagai administrator<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Kepala sekolah memiliki tanggung jawab yang dibebankan kepada dirinya sebagaimana yang diatur oleh pemerintah tersebut, secara garis besar meliputi proses, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pengelolaan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Penilaian<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">c.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Bimbingan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">d.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pembiayaan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">e.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pengawasan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">f.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pengembangan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Dan kepala sekolah juga memiliki tanggung jawab, diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pembinaan Program Pengajaran<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pembinaan Kesiswaan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Pembinaan Staf<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Anggaran Belanja Dan Fasilitas Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Anggaran Belanja Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><span style="">6.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Evaluasi Anggaran Belanja<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">F<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="" lang="IN">Burhanuddin, Yusak, 1998, <i>Administrasi Pendidikan,</i> Bandung: CV. Pustaka Setia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">F<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="" lang="IN">Nawawi, Hadari dkk, 1986, <i>Administrasi Sekolah,</i> Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:14pt;" ><span style="">F<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="" lang="IN">M. Daryanto, 2006, <i>Administrasi Pendidikan</i>, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:14pt;" ><span style="">F<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span style="">Wahjosumidjo, 2002, <i>Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah,</i> <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>: PT RajaGrafindo Persada</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:14pt;" ><span style="">F<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB">Indrafachrudi, Soekarto, dkk, 1981. <em>Bagaimana Memimpin Sekolah yang Efektif</em>. <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Malang</st1:city></st1:place>: CV. Ardi Manunggal Jaya</span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr align="left" width="33%" size="1"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="" lang="IN">Drs. Yusak Burhanuddin, 1998, <i>Administrasi Pendidikan,</i> Bandung: CV. Pustaka Setia. hal. 119-120<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="" lang="IN">Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi dkk, 1986, <i>Administrasi Sekolah,</i> Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia. hal. 190 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="" lang="IN">Drs. H. M. Daryanto, 2006, <i>Administrasi Pendidikan</i>, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. hal. 80<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="" lang="IN">Drs. Yusak Burhanuddin, <i>Op.Cit.</i> hal. 120-125<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span> </span><span style="">Wahjosumidjo, 2002, <i>Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah,</i> <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place>: PT RajaGrafindo Persada. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="">hal. 203-204</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 206-207<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 239-240</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 271-272</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 305-306</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 315-317</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 318-321</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" lang="EN-GB" >[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><i><span style="">Ibit</span></i><span style=""> hal. 322-323.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-32440857706726839502009-07-19T23:27:00.000-07:002009-07-19T23:39:15.730-07:00<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;font-family:arial;" align="center"><b><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المقدمة</span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;" align="center">بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: arial;">الحَمْدُ لِلٌهِ الٌذِى علٌمَ الإنسانَ مالمْ يَعلمْ وهداه بعدَ الضٌلالِ وفقه بعد غفله. والصٌلاةُ والسٌلامُ على ﺃشرف الأنبياء والمرسلينَ وعلى آلهِ وصحبه ﺃجمعينَ .<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: arial;">و بعد, نشكرُ اللهَ تعالى الذى أعطعنا القوٌة والنشاط فى اتمامِ المقالةِ, ونشكرُ ﺃيضًا على محاضرةِ الصرف أ " الأستاذة الحجة ميلى حسنة " التى قد علمت لنا هذا الدرس.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: arial;">و فى هذه المقالة تبحث عن :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 18.7pt 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span lang="AR-SA">١</span>-<span style=""> </span>فعلا التعجب ، ومن هذه المادة أبحث عن أسلوب التعجب ، صيغات التعجب ، شروط صوغها ، و أحكام فعلى التعجب.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 18.7pt 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span lang="AR-SA">٢</span>-<span style=""> </span>المصدر ، ومن هذه المادة أبحث عن معنى الصدر ، المصدر للفعل الثلاثى والرباعى والخماسى والسداسى ، عمل المصدر ، وأنواع المصدر. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 18.7pt 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span lang="AR-SA">٣</span>-<span style=""> </span>المشتقات ، ومن هذه المادة أبحث عن معنى المشتقات ، أنواع المشتقات ، وبيان أنواع المشتقات.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 18.7pt 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span lang="AR-SA">٤</span>-<span style=""> </span>الأسماء الصفات ، ومن هذه المادة أبحث عن معنى الاسم الصفة ، أنواعها ، والبيان عن اسم الفاعل ، صيغ المبالغة ، الصفة المشبهة ، واسم التفضيل.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" face="arial" style="text-align: right; line-height: 150%;" align="right">ونسأل المولى جلٌ شأنه ﺃن ينفع بهذه المقالة, وهو الموافق للحقٌ والصواب.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 150%; font-family: arial;" align="right"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 150%; font-family: arial;" align="right"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 150%; font-family: arial;" align="right"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 150%; font-family: arial;" align="right"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 150%; font-family: arial;" align="right"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الباب الثانى<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="arial" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >البحث<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: arial;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >فعلا التعجب – المصدر – المشتقات - الأسماء الصفات</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >أ-<span style=""> </span>فعلا التعجب <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>التعجب هو استعظام فعل الفاعل ظاهر المزية .<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span style=""> </span>المثال : -<span style=""> </span>كقوله تعالى : (كيف تكفرون بالله وكنتم أمواتا فأحياكم)<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 22.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span>كحديث : (سبحان الله ! المؤمن لا ينجس حيا ولا ميتا)<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 22.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span>يا لك من رجل ! وحسبك بخالد رجلا.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="arial" style="margin-right: 22.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">و كل ذلك إنما يفهم من قرينة الكلام ، لا بأصل الوضع. والذى يفهم التعجب بصيغته الموضوعة للتعجب ، إنما هو (فعلا التعجب).<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[أ]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span lang="AR-SA">١</span>-<span style=""> </span>أسلوب التعجب<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span style=""> </span>أسلوب التعجب : أسلوب يستعمل للتعبير عن الدهشة أو استعظام صفة فى شئ ما.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>مثل : ما أعذبَ ماء النيل.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span lang="AR-SA">٢</span>-<span style=""> </span>صيغات التعجب<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="arial" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=""> </span>للتعجب صيغتان هما : (ما أفعله) و (أفعل به)<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ب]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span style=""> </span>وهما صيغتان للتعجب من الشئ، ويكونان على وزن : (ما أفْعَلَ) و (أفْعِلْ به)، نحو : (ما أحْسَنَ العلم! وأقْبِحْ بالجهل!). وتسمى الصيغة الأولى (فعل التعجب الأول)، والصيغة الثانية (فعل التعجب<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;"><span style=""> </span>الثانى) . وهما فعلان ماضيان. وقد جاءت الثانية منهما على صيغة الأمر ، وليست بفعل أمر. ومدلول كلا الفعلين واحد ، وهو إنشاء التعجب.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ج]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;">-<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>صيغة (ما أفعله !)<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;">صيغة (ما أفعل) فى التعجب المتعجب منه منصوبا على المفعولية لـ(أفعل) ، والهمزة فى (ما أفعلَ) للتعدية. فمعنى قولك : (ما أجملَ الفضيلة) : شئ جعلها جميلة. و (ما) اسم نكرة تامة بمعنى (شئ) ، وقيل : هى (ما) الاستفهامية خرجت عن معناها إلى معنى التعجب.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="arial" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">وعلى كل ، فهى فى موضع رفع على الإبتدا. وجاز الإبتدا بها مع أنها نكرة ، لتضمنها معنى <span style=""> </span>التعجب والفعل بعدها فعل ماض للتعجب ، وفاعله ضمير مستتر وجوبا يعود إليها. والمنصوب مفعوله. والجملة فى محل رفع المبتدأ الذى هو (ما). <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="arial" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">و (ما) االنكرة التامة ، هى التى تكون مكتفية بنفسها ، فلا تحتاج إلى صلة أو صفة ، ومنها (ما) قبل فعل التعجب.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[د]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:arial;">-<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>صيغة (أفْعِلْ به !)<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: arial;">صيغة (أفْعِلْ) المتعجب منه ، مجروراً بباءٍ زائدةٍ لفظاً ، مرفوعاً على الفاعلية محلاً ، فقولك : (أقْبِحْ بالجهلِ) أصله : (أقْبَحَ الجهلُ) أى : صار ذا قبح. فالهمزة للصيرورة ، كما قالوا : (أغد البعير) أى : صار ذا غدةٍ (قطعة لحم صلبة تحدث عن داء بين الجلد واللحم). ثم أخرِجَ عن لفظ الخبر إلى لفظ الأمر، لإفادة التعجب.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: arial;">والباء هنا زائدة فى الفاعل ، كما فى قوله : (كفى بالله شهيداً). وذلك أنه لما غيرت صورة الماضى إلى الأمر ، لإرادة التعجب ، قبُحَ إسنادُ صيغة الأمر إلى الاسم الظاهر إسناداً صريحاً، فزيدت الباء فى (أكْرِمْ) زيادة ملتزمة ، ليكون على صورة المفعول به ، المجرور بحرف الجر الزائد لفظاً.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ه]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: arial;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: arial;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: arial;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: arial;"><span lang="AR-SA">٣</span>-<span style=""> </span>شروط صوغهما<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: arial;">يشترط للتعجب بهاتين الصيغتين أن يكون الفعل :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">ثلاثياً ، مثل : جَمُلَ ، عَظُمَ ، عَذُبَ ، صدق ، كَبُرَ ، كَثُرَ.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">تاماً (أى غير ناقص مثل كان وأخواتها)</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">ليس الوصف منه على وزن أفعل الذى مؤنثه فعلاء</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">مثباتاً (أى غير منفى)</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">مبنياً للمعلوم</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">متصرفاً (أى يأتى منه ماض ومضارع وأمر)</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.75pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">المثال : - <span style=""> </span><u>ما أجْمَلَ السماءَ</u><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">ما : اسم نكرة بمعنى شئ عظيم مبنى على السكون فى محل رفع مبتدأ.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أجْمَلَ : فعل ماض والفاعل ضمير مستتر وجوباً تقديره هو والجملة من الفعل والفاعل خبر (ما). <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">السماء : مفعول به منصوب بالفتحة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>- <span style=""> </span><u>أجْمِلْ بالسماءِ</u><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أجْمِلْ : فعل ماض جاء على صورة الأمر مبنى على الفتح المقدر.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">بالسماء : الباء حرف جر زائد والسماء فاعل مرفوع بالضمة المقدرة على الهمزة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 69.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -69.65pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><b><u><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ملحوظة<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">إذا كان الفعل غير ثلاثى (تفوق ، انتصر) أو ناقصاً (كان ، ظل) أو كان الوصف منه على وزن أفعل الذى مؤنثه فعلاء (سود ، حمر) توصلنا إلى التعجب ، منه بـ(أشد) أو (أشدد به) ونحوهما وأتينا بعد ذلك بمصدره صريحاً و مؤولاً.</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>المثال : -<span style=""> </span>ما أصْعَبَ كونَ الدواء مراً (الفعل ناقص)<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span>ما أرْوَعَ أنْ ينتصرَ الجيش (الفعل غير ثلاثى)<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span>ما أشَدَ سوادَ الليل (الوصف على وزن أفعل الذى مؤنثه فعلاء) <b><u><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>إذا كان الفعل منفياً (لا يصدق ، لا يقول) أو مبنياً للمجهول (يقال ، يعاقب) توصلنا إلى التعجب<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>منه بنفس الطريقة السابقة مع استعمال مصدر الفعل مؤولاً.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=""> </span>المثال : -<span style=""> </span>ما أضرَ ألا يصدُقَ العامل (الفعل منفى)<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span>ما أجْمَلَ أنْ يُقالَ الحق (الفعل للمجهول)<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>لا يتعجب من الفعل الجامد مطلقاً (عسى ، ليس ، نعم ، بئس).<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[و]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>ولا يجوز معمول الفعل التعجب أنْ يسبق فعله ولا يجوز نكرة ، مثل : زيداً ما احسن –<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>ما احسن رجل .<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span lang="AR-SA">٤</span>-<span style=""> </span>أحكام فعتى التعحب<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span>لا يكون المتعجب منه (منصوباً كان ، أو مجروراً بالباء الزائدة) إلا معرفةً أو نكرةً مختصةً.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span>يجوز حذف المتعجب منه وهو المنصوب بعد (ما أفعل) ، والمجرور بالباء بعد (أفعل) ، وإن <span style=""> </span>كان الكلام واضحاً بدونه ، كقوله تعالى : (أسْمِعْ بهم وأبْصِرْ) ، أى : أبْصِرْ بهم.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.75pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>إذا بنى (فعلا التعجب) من معتل العين ، وجب تصحيح عينها ، فلا يجوز إعلالها. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>نحو : (ما أطْوَلَهُ ! و أطْوِلْ به!)<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>وكذلك يجب فك الإدغام فى (أفْعِلْ) ، نحو : (أعْزِزْ علينا بأن تفارقنا!) و (أشْدِدْ بسواد عينيه).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>لا يتصرف فى الجملة التعجبية بتقديم ولا تأخير ولا فصل ، إلا الفصل بين فعل التعجب. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>والمتعجب منه بالظرف (ما أجْمَلَ ليلةَ التمِ البدرَ) ، أو المجرور بحرف الجر (بشرط أن <span style=""> </span>يتعلقا بفعل التعجب) (أحْسِنْ بالرجالِ أن يصدُقَ) ، أو النداء (أعْزِزْ علىَ ، أبا اليقظان ، أن أراك صريعاً مجدلاً) ، فالفصل بها جائز.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">- <span style=""> </span>إن تعلق بفعلى التعجب مجرور هو فاعل فى المعنى ، جر بـ(إلى) ، نحو : (ما أحَبَ زهيراً <span style=""> </span>إلى أبيه) ، فإن كان فى المعنى مفعولاً ، وكان فعل التعجب فى الأصل متعدياً بنفسه ، غير دال على علم أو جهل ، جر باللام ، نحو : (ما أحَبَ زهيراً لأبيه!) ، فإن دل على علم أو جهل ، جررت المفعول بالباء ،ءنحو : (ما أجْهَلَهُ بالصدق) ، وإن كان فعل التعجب فى الأصل متعدياً بحرف الجر ، جررت مفعوله بما كان يتعدى به من حرف ، نحو : (ما أغضبنى على الخائن).<span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.85pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>- <span style=""> </span>وقد ورد تصغير (ما أفْعَلَ) شذوذاً ، وهو فعل لا يُصْغرُ ، لأن التصغير من خصائص <span style=""> </span>الأسماء.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ز]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p>
<br /></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.85pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ب-<span style=""> </span>المصدر (اسم المعنى)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span lang="AR-SA">١</span>-<span style=""> </span>معنى المصدر<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">المصدر (أو اسم المعنى) هو ما دل على معنى مجرد من الزمان.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">مثل : عدْل – اجتماع – إكرام<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">والفعل يدل على شيئين الحدث والزمن. فالفعل (قام) يدل على قيام فى زمن ماض ، (ويقوم) يدل على قيام فى الحال أو الاستقبال ، و (قم) يدل على قيام فى الاستقبال.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أما (القيام) فهو الحدث وهو أحد مدلولى الفعل وهو المصدر. والمصدر أصل الفعل وأصل جميع الأسماء المشتقة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">والفعل يكون ثلاثياً أو رباعياً أو خماسياً أو سداسياً. ولكل من هذه الأفعال مصدر خاص.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ح]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA">٢</span>-<span style=""> </span>المصدر للفعل الثلاثى ، الرباعى ، الخماسى ، والسداسى<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">المصدر للفعل الثلاثى<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.85pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">مصادر الأفعال الثلاثية كثيرة ، وتعرف بالرجوع إلى المعجمات اللغوية ، غير أن هناك ضوابط تساعد –غالباً- على معرفتها ، وأهمها ما يلى :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">(فِعالَة) فيما دل على حِرفة ، مثل : صِناعَة – زِراعَة – تِِجارَة.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">(فِعال) فيما دل على امْتناع ، مثل : نِفار – جِماح – شِراد – ذِهاب.</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>(فَعَلان) فيما دل على حركة<span style=""> </span>واضطراب ، مثل : هَيَجان – فَيَضان – ثَوَران.</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>(فَعِيل) فيما دل على سير ، مثل : رَحِيل – وَخِيد – رَسِيم.</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>(فُعال) فيما دل على داءٍ أو مرض ، مثل : سُعال – زُكام – صُداع.</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>(فُعال) أو (فَعِيل) فيما دل على صوت ، مثل : صُراخ – عُواء – مُواء – صَهيل – حَفيف.</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>(فُعلَة) فيما دل على لوْن ، مثل : حُمْرَة – زُرْقة -<span style=""> </span>كُدْرَة – سُفْرَة – بَيْضَة.</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">فإذا لم يدل الفعل على شئ مما تقدم ، فالغالب أن يكونَ على الأوزان الآتية :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">(فَعَل) للفعل اللازم إذا كان على وزن (فَعِلَ) ، مثل : فَرَح – طَرَب – مَرَح.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">(فُعول) للفعل اللازم إذا كان على وزن (فَعَلَ) ، مثل : نُهوض – قُعود – خُروج – وُقوف.</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>(فُعولَة) أو (فَعالَة) إذا كان فعله على وزن (فَعُلَ) ولا يكون إلا لازماً ، </span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>مثل : سُهولَة – صُعوبَة – فَصاحَة – كَسالَة – نَباهَة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>(فَعْل) للفعل المتعدى الذى على وزن (فَعَلَ) أو (فَعِلَ) ، مثل : نَصْر – فَهْم – ضَرْب.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ط]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">المصدر للفعل الرباعى<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">مصادر الأفعال الرباعية لها أوزانٌ قياسيةٌ تختلف باختلافِ وزنِ الفعلِ.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>فإن كان الفعل على وزن (أفْعَلَ) كان قياسُ مصدره على وزن (إفْعال) ، مثل : إعْلان ،<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>فإذا كانت عينُ (أفْعَلَ) (ألفاً) (مثل : أقام) تحذف من المصدر ويعوض عنها تاءٌ فى اخره ، مثل : إِقامَة - إِذاعَة<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>وإذا كانت لامه (ألفاً)<span style=""> </span>(مثل : أرْضَى) قُلِبَتْ همزةً فى المصدر ، مثل : إعْطاء – إرْضاء<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>وإذا كانت فاءه (واواً) (مثل : أوْصَلَ) قُلِبَتْ ياءً فى المصدر ، مثل : إيْصال – إيْجاز<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>وإن كان الفعل على وزن (فَعلَ) كان قياس مصدره على وزن (تَفْعيل) ، مثل : تَهْذيب – <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>تسليم.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=""> </span>إذا كانت لام (ألفاً) (مثل : قوى – عدى) تحذف من المصدر ويعوض عنها تاءٌ فى اخره ، <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=""> </span>مثل :<span style=""> </span>تَقْوِية – تَعْدِية – تَرْبِية.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>وإنْ كان الفعل على وزن (فاعَلَ) كان قياس مصدره على وزن (فِعال) أو (مَفاعَلَة) ، <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.55pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span style=""> </span>مثل : نِقاش ، مناقشة – جدال ، مجادلة – عداء ، معاداة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 54.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 54.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>وإن كان الفعل على وزن (فَعْلَلَ) كان قياس مصدره على وزن (فَعْلَلَة) ، مثل : طَمْأنَة – <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 54.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>زَخْرَفَة<span style=""> </span>–<span style=""> </span>بَعْثَرَة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 54.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=""> </span>وإن كان (فَعْلَلَ) مضعفاً ، جاز فى مصدر أن يجئ أيضاً على وزن (فِعْلال) ، مثل :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 54.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span style=""> </span>زلزلة ،<span style=""> </span>زلزال - <span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style=""> </span></span>وسوسة ، وسواس.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ي]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">المصدر للفعل الخماسى والسداسى<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">مصادر الأفعال لخماسية والسداسية قياسية ، وهى تختلف باختلاف أوزان أفعالها.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>فإذا كان الفعل الخماسى أو السداسى مبدوءاً بهمزة وصلٍ ، جاء مصدره لى وزن فعله <span style=""> </span>الماضى مع كسر ثالثه وزيادة ألف قبل آخره ، مثل : انتفاع – استغفار.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">وإذا كان آخر أحد هذين الفعلين ألفاً قُلِبَتْ همزةً فى المصدر بعد الألف الزائدة ، مثل : انتقاء – <span style=""> </span>استيفاء.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">وإذا كان الفعل على زن (استَفْعَل) وكانت عينه ألفاً حُذِفَتْ ألف المصدر وعوض عنها تاء فى الآخر ، مثل : استفادة – استكانة – استقامة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>إذا كان الفعل مبدوءاً بتاءٍ زائدةٍ كان مصدره على وزن الماضى مع ضم ما قبل آخره فقط ، مثل : تفاهم – تقدم.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">وإذا كانت لام الفعل ألفاً قُلِبَتْ فى المصدر ياءً وكُسِرَ ما قبلها ، مثل : تفانى – تغنى.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ك]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 54.55pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 54.55pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 54.55pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 54.55pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 54.55pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA">٣</span>-<span style=""> </span>عمل المصدر<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -1.55pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>يعمل المصدرعمل فعله تعدياً ولزوماً.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -1.55pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>فإن كان فعله لازماً ، احتاج إلى الفاعل فقط ، نحو : (يعجبنى اجتهادُ سعيدٍ)<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ل]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> .<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>وإن كان متعدياً ، احتاج إلى فاعل ومفعول به. فهو يتعدى إلى ما يتعدى إليه فعله ، إما بنفسه ، نحو : (ساءنى عصيانُك أباك)<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[م]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> ، وإما بحرف الجر ، نحو : ساءنى مرورُك بمواضعِ الشبهةِ). واعْلمْ أن المصدر لا يعمل عملَ الفعل لشبهِه به ، بل لأنه أصله.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">ويجوز حذف فاعله من غير أن يحتمل ضميره ، نحو : (سرنى تكريم العاملين)<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ن]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> . ولا يجوز ذلك فى الفعل ، لأنه إن لم يبرز فاعله ، كان ضميراً مستتراً. ويجوز حذف مفعوله ، كقوله تعالى : (وما كان استغفار إبراهيم لأبيه إلا عن موعدة وعدهآ إياه) ، أى : استغفار إبراهيم ربه لأبيه.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">وهو يعمل عمل فعله مضافاً ، أو مجروراً من (أل) والإضافة ، أو مُعرفاً بـ (أل) ، فالأول كقوله تعالى : ( ولولا دفع الله الناس بعضهم ببعض)<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[س]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. والثانى كقوله عز وجل : (أو إطعام فى يوم ذى مسغبة. يتيماً ذا مقربة. أو مسكيناً ذا متربة). والثالث إعماله قليل.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ع]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">وشرط عمله : إما نيابته عن فعله. نحو : سعياً فى الخير ، فسعياً ناب عن فعل الأمر . وهو : اسع . وإما صحة تقديره بأن والفعل الماضى أو المستقبل أو بما والفعل الحالى – بحيث يصح أن يحل محله الفعل المقترن بأن – أو ما : المصدريتين نحو تعجبنى مصاحبتك الأدباء.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ف]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><b><u><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ملحوظة<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">يكثر أن يضف المصدر إلى فاعله ويأتى بعده المفعول به منصوباً ، مثل : شكرك المنعم واجب<span style=""> </span>وخدمتك وطنك فخر لك.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">ويكون الفاعل مجروراً لفظاً مرفوعاً محلا ، مثل : عجبتُ من شرب زيد العسلَ ، (عجبتُ : فعل ماض مبنى والتاء فاعل – من : حرف جر – شرب : مصدر مجرور بمن – زيدٍ : فاعل للمصدر شرب مجرور لفظاً ومرفوع محلاً – العسل : مفعول به للمصدر منصوب بالفتحة).<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ص]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: -1.55pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span>٤</span>-<span style=""> </span>أنواع المصدر<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 62.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -43.8pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">§<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">المصدر الميمى</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">المصدر الميمى : مصدر مبدوء بميم زائدةٍ فى غير المفالة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">ويكون من الثلاثى على وزن (مَفْعَل) بفتح العين ، نحو : مرقب – ملعب – مذهب – مرمى . ما لم يكن مثالاً واوياً صحيحَ اللام محذوفَ الفاء فى المضارع فتُكْسَرُ العين ، نحو : موعد – موضع. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">ومن غير الثلاثى على وزن اسم مفعوله ، نحو : منطلق – مستفهم ، وقد تزاد على صيغة المصدر الميمى تاء فى آخره ، مثل : محبة – موعظة – منفعة – مفسدة<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ق]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> أو كان المصدر الميمى على وزن مضارعه مع أبدال حرف المضارعة ميماً مضمومة وفتح ما قبل الآخر ، مثل : قلت له : إلى الملتقى (أى الالتقاء).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">§<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">المصدر الصناعى</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">المصدر الصناعى : اسم تلحقه ياء النسب تليها تاء التأنيث للدلالة على معنى المصدر ، مثل : انسانية – اشتراكية – حرية – وطنية – مسئولية – حشية.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ر]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">المصدر الصناعى هو اسم تلحقه ياء النسبة مُرْدَفَةً بتاء التأنيث للدلالة على صفة فيه.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ش]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">ويصاغ إما من اسم الفاعل ، مثل : عالمية – أو من اسم المفعول ، مثل : معذورية – أو من أفعل التفضيل ، مثل : أرجحية وأسبقية – أو من الاسم الجامد ، مثل : إنسانية وحيوانية وكيفية – أو من اسم العلم ، مثل : عثمانية – أو من المصدر ، مثل : إسنادية – أو من المصدى الميمى ، مثل : المصدرية – وما أشبه ذلك.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ت]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 62.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -43.8pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">§<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">اسم المرة واسم الهيئة<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>اسم المرة<span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>اسم المرة هو مصدر يدل على وقوع الحدث مرةً واحدةً.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span style=""> </span>صيغة اسم المرة ، هي :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>يصاغ اسم المرة من الثلاثى غلى وزن (فَعْلَة) ، مثل : ركعة – أكلة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">- <span style=""> </span>إذا كان المصدر الأصلى أيضاً على وزن (فَعْلَة) ، فيدل على المرة منه بالوصف <span style=""> </span>بكلمة<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>(واحدة) ، مثل : دعوة واحدة – رحمة واحدة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span>ويصاغ من غير الثلاثى على وزن مصدره بزيادة (تاء) فى آخره ، مثل : تكبيرة – <span style=""> </span>ابتسامة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -65.45pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>إذا كان المصدر الأصلى أيضاً بالتاء فيدل على المرة منه بالوصف لا بالصيغة ، مثل :<span style=""> </span>استشارة واحدة – إجابة واحدة<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>اسم الهيئة<span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48.3pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">اسم الهيئة هو مصدر يدل على هيئة الفعل حين وقوعه. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48.3pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">صيغة اسم الهيئة :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span style=""> </span>يصاغ اسم الهيئة من الفعل الثلاثى على وزن (فِعْلَة) ، مثل : جِلْسَة – وِقْقة.</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 84.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="">-<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>إذا كان المصدر الأصلى على وزن (فِعْلَة) أيضاً ، فيدل على الهيئة منه بالوصف أو بالإضافة ، مثل : خبرة واسعة – خبرة المختصص.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span style=""> </span>ولا يصاغ اسم الهيئة من غير الثلاثى.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">يجوز وصف اسم المرة الذى لا يحتاج إلى وصف للتأكيد ، كما يجوز وصف اسم الهيئة الذى لا يحتاج إلى وصف أو إضافته لزيادة البيان.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ث]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 62.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -43.8pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">§<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">المصدر الصريح والمصدر المؤول</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">قد يذكر المصدر بلفظه فى الكلام فيسمى مصدراً صريحاً (كما فى الأمثلة السابقة) وقد لا يذكر بلفظه ولكن يفهم من الكلام . وحينئذ يكون مصدراً مؤولاً.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">والمصدر المؤول يكون من :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>أنْ والفعل، مثل : أريد أنْ أقابلك (أى أريد مقابلتك)<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>ما والفعل ، مثل : يسرنى ما عملت (أى يسرنى عملك)<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>أن واسمها وخبرها ، مثل : هدفه أنه ينجح فى الامتحان (أى هدفه نجاحه فى الامتحان).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">ويعرب المصدر المؤول إعراب المصدر الصريح الذى يحل محله فيقع مبتدأ او خبراً أو فاعلاً أو نائب فاعل أو مفعولا به.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">مثل : أود أنْ تخلصَ فى عملك (أنْ : حرف مصدرى ونصب – تخلص : فعل مضارع منصوب بالفتحة والفاعل ضمير مستتر تقديره أنْتَ والمصدر المؤول من أنْ والفعل مفعول به للفعل أود). <span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">مثل : عُرف أنك كريم (أن : حرف توكيد ونصب – والكاف :<span style=""> </span>ضمير مبنى على الفتح فى محل نصب اسم أن – كريم : خبر أن مرفوع بالضمة ، والمصدر المؤول من أن واسمها وخبرها نائب فاعل لعرف).<span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span>٥</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style=""><span dir="LTR"></span>-</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>اسم المصدر وعمله<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">اسم المصدر هو مادل على معنى المصدر ، ونقص عن حروف فعله بدون تقدير للمحذوف ، ولا تعويض منه<span style=""> </span>، نحو : عطااء – نبات – عون – صلاة – سلام.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">ويعمل اسم المصدر عمل المصدر فى جميع أحواله بشروطه السابقة ، نحو : أنْتَ كثيرُ العطاءِ الناسَ ، وبِعِشْرَتك الأدباءَ تُعد منهم – أ كفراً بعد رد الموت عنى<span style=""> </span>وبعد عطائك المئة الرتاعا.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[خ]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 74.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >ج-<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>المشتقات<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">الاسم المشتق هو ما أخذ من غيره ودل على شئ موصوف بصفة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">والمشتقات سبعة وهى : اسم الفاعل (وصيغ المبالغة) ، اسم المفعول ، الصفة المشبهة باسم الفاعل ، اسم التفضيل ، اسم الزمن والمكان ، واسم الآلة.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ذ]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">الاسم المشتق هو ما كان مأخوذاً من الفعل : كـ(عالم) و(مُتعلم) و(مِنشار) و(مجتمع) و(مستشفى) و(صعب) و(أدعج).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">والأسماء المشتقة من الفعل عشرة أنواع ، وهى : اسم الفاعل ، واسم المفعول ، والصفة المشبهة ، ومبالغة اسم الفعل ، واسم التفضيل ، واسم الزمن ، واسم المكان ، والمصدر الميمى ، ومصدر الفعل فوق الثلاثى المجرد ، واسم الآلة.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ض]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">المشتقات هى الفروع التى تصاغ من المصدر لتدل على معان مختلفة وهي : الفعل – واسم الفاعل – واسم المفعول – وصيغ المبالغة – والصفة المشبهة – واسم التفضيل – واسم الزمن والمكان – اسم الآلة.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[غ]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.95pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">o<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><u>اسم الفاعل</u></span><u><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">اسم الفاعل هو اسم مصوغ لمن وقع منه الفعل أو قام به وهو من الثلاثى على وزن (فاعل) ، مثل : ناصر – ظافر. ومن غير الثلاثى على وزن مضارعه بإبدال حرف المضارعة ميماً مضمومةً وكسر ما قبل آخره ، مثل : منطلق – متقدم ، ولكن تقلب عينه همزةً إن كانت فى الماضى ألفاً ، مثل : قائم – بائع.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">o<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><u>صيغ المبالغة</u></span><u><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">يحول اسم الفاعل من الثلاثى المتعدى قياساً عند قصد المبالغة إلى (فَعالٌ) و(مِفْعالٌ) و(فَعُولٌ) و(فَعِيلٌ) و فَعِلٌ ، مثل : شراب – مقوال – غفور – عليم – حذر ، وتسمى صيغ المبالغة وربما جاءت هذه الصيغ من اللازم.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ظ]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.95pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">o<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><u>اسم المفعول</u></span><u><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">اسم المفعول هو اسم مصوغ لما وقع عليه الفعل وهو من الثلاثى على وزن (مفعول) ، مثل : منصور – مهزوم. ومن غير الثلاثى على وزن اسم فاعله مع فتح ما قبل الآخر ، مثل : مُكْرَم – مُسْتَخْرَج ، لكن تحذف منه واو المفعول إن كان فعله أجوفَ بعد نقل حركة العين إلى ما قبلها ، مثل : مَصون – مَقول , وتبدل الضمة التى قبل الياء كسرةً لمناسبة الياء ، مثل : مَبيع – مَدين.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">ولا يصاغ اسم المفعول من اللازم إلا مع الظرف أو الجر والمجرور أو المصدر.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">يعمل اسم المفعول عمل فعله المبنى للمجهول ، نحو : الأرض محوط سطحُها بالهواء. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.95pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">o<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><u>الصفة المشبهة</u></span><u><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">الصفة المشبهة هى اسم مصوغ لمن قام به الفعل لا على وجه الحدوث وهى من باب فَرِحَ اللازم على ثلاثة أوزان :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">-<span style=""> </span>(فَعِلٌ) فيما دل على حُزْن أو فَرَح ومؤنثه فَعِلَةٌ ، مثل : فَرِح – طَرِب – أشِر.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">-<span style=""> </span>(أفْعَلُ) فيما دل على عَيب أو حِلْيَة أو لَوْن ومؤنثه فَعْلاءُ ، مثل : أحْدَب – أحْمَر – أحْوَر.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">-<span style=""> </span>(فَعْلانُ) فيما دل على خُلُو أو امْتِلاء ومؤنثه فَعْلى ، مثل : صديان – عطشان.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -65.45pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>ومن باب كَرُمَ على وزن فَعيلٌ ، مثل : شريف. وقد يجئ على غيره ، مثل : شَهْم – <span style=""> </span>حَسَن – جَبان – شُجاع – صُلْب.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[أأ]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.95pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">o<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><u>اسم التفضيل</u></span><u><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">اسم التفضيل هو اسم مصوغ على وزن (أفْعَلُ) للدلالة على أن شيئين اشتركا فى صفة وزاد أحدهما على الآخر فيها ، مثل : أفضل – أكبر. ويصاغ من فعل متصرف قابل للتفاوت بشرط أنْ يكون ثلاثياً تاماً مُثبتاً مبنياً للمعلوم ولم يجئ الوصف منه على أفْعَلُ ويتوصل إلى التفضيل مما لم يستوف الشروط بذكر المصدر منصوباً بعد أشد ، مثل : قولك : هو أشد استخراجاً للدقائق وأكثر ابتهاجاً بالحقائق.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[بب]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.95pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">o<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><u>اسما الزمان والمكان</u></span><u><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">هما اسمان مصوغان لزمان الفعل ومكانه – وهما من الثلاثى على وزن (مَفْعَلٌ) بفتح العين إنْ كانت عين المضارع مفتوحة أو مضمومة ، مثل : مذهب – منظر. وعلى وزن (مَفْعِلٌ) بكسرها إن كانت عين المضارع مكسورةً ، مثل : مجلس – منزل. ويجب فى الناقصِ الفتحُ مطلقاً ، مثل : مرمى – مسعي. وفى المثال الصحيح اللام الكسر مطلقاً ، مثل : مَوضِعٌ.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">ومن غير الثلاثى على وزن اسم مفعوله<span style=""> </span>، مثل : مكرم – مستخرج. ويعلم من هذا أن صيغة الزمان والمكان والمصدر والمفعول من غير الثلاثى واحدة والتمييز بالقرائن. وكثيراً ما يصاغ من الاسم الجامد اسم مكان على وزن (مَفْعَلَةٌ) للدلالة على كثرة الشئ بالمكان ، مثل : مأسدة – مسبعة من الاسد والسبع والقثاء ولكنه لا ينقاس كما ى ينقاس لحوق التاء لمَفْعِلِ ، تحو : مَيسَرَة ٌ – مَقْبَرَةٌ.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.95pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">o<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><u>اسم الآلة</u></span><u><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">اسم الآلة هو اسم مصوغ لما وقع الفعل بواسطته – وأوزانه ثلاثة (مِفْعَلٌ – مِفْعالٌ – مِفْعَلَةٌ) ، مثل : مبرد – مفتاح – مكنسة. ويختص بالثلاثى.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[جج]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" >د-<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>الأسماء الصفات<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">الاسم الصفة : ما دل على صفة شئ من الأعيان أو المعانى ، وهو موضوع ليُحْمَلَ على ما يوصف به.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span style=""> </span>وهو سبعة أنواع (الأسمتء الصفات) : اسم الفاعل ، واسم المفعول ، والصفة المشبهة ، واسم التفضيل ، والمصدر الموصوف به (مثل : هذا رجل عدل - وهذه قضية عدل) ، والاسم الجامد المتضمن معنى الصفة المشتقة (مثل : لقيت رجلاً أسداً ، أى : جريئاً – وعاشرت عالماً مسكاً خلقه ، أى : طيباً خلقه) ، واسم المنسوب (مثل : هذا رجل إنسانى ، أى : منسوب إلى الإنسانية).<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[دد]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.95pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/INTERN%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><u>اسم الفاعل</u></span><u><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">اسم الفاعل هو اسم مشتق من مصدر الفعل المبنى للمعلوم للدلالة على من وقع منه الفعل – أو قام به : على قصد التجدد والحدوث. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">ويكون من الثلاثى على وزن (فاعل) ، نحو : كاتب – كامل. ولكن تقلب عينه همزةً إن كانت فى الماضى ألفاً ، نحو : قائل – خائب. وتحذف لامه فى حالتى الرفع والجر إن كان فعله ناقصاً ، نحو : داع – رام. ومن غير الثلاثى على وزن مضارعه بإبدال حرف المضارعة ميماً مضمومة <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">وكسر ما قبل آخره ، نحو : مٌحْسِنٌ – مُتَعَلِم. وتنقل كسرته إلى ما قبلها إن كان الفعل أجوف مُعلاً ، نحو : مُقيمٌ.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[هه]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">ويستعمل اسم الفاعل مفرداً ومثنى وجمعاً مع التذكير والتأنيث. ويعرب على حسب موقعه فى الجملة ، مثل : من الأفضل أن تكونى مُقْتَصِدَةً (مقتصدة : خبر كان منصوب بالفتحة).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><u>عمل اسم الفاعل <o:p></o:p></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">يأتى اسم الفاعل فى الكلام على أحد وجهين :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span lang="AR-SA">١</span>-<span style=""> </span>إما أن يتجرد من الدلالة على القيام بحدث . وفى هذه الحالة لا يعمل عمل الفعل ، مثل : جاء القاضى – هو عامل ماهر – قبض على القاتل . (اسم الفاعل لا يدل على حدث وإنما يدل على اسم أو صفة).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span lang="AR-SA">٢</span>- وإما أن يدل على القيام بحدث (أى يصح أن يقع فى موضعه فعل بمعناه) وفى هذه الحالة <span style=""> </span>يعمل عمل الفعل ، فيرفع فاعلاً أو ينصب مفعولاً به أو أكثر. ولا يكون ذلك إلا فى الحالتين <span style=""> </span>الآتيتين وبالشروط الموضحة فى كل منهما :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -65.45pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span style=""> </span>-<span style=""> </span><u>أن يكون محلى بأل (بمعنى الذى ، التى ، الخ ...)</u> وأن يليه ما كان مقدراً أن يكون فاعلاً أو مفعولاً به لو وضعنا مكان اسم الفاعل فعلاً بمعناه ، مثل : جاء الرجل الفاضل أخوه (أخوه : فاعل لاسم الفاعل (الفاضل) لأن اسم الفاعل محل بأل وذكر بعده فاعله . ويصح أن تقول : جاء الرجل الذى فضل أخوه).<span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>-<span style=""> </span><u>أن يكون مجرداً من أل </u>. ويشترط لعمله فى هذه الحالة أن يدل على الحال أو الاستقبال (أى يصح أن نضع مكانه فعله المضارع) وأن يعتمد على شئ قبله كأن يقع بعد نفى أو استفهام أو مبتدأ أو موصوف ، مثل : الفلاحُ حارثٌ ثوره الأرضَ (ثور : فاعل لاسم الفاعل (حارث) – الأرض : مفعول به لاسم الفاعل (حارث) ، وقد عمل اسم الفاعل عمل الفعل لأنه مجرد من (ال) ودل على الحال أوالاستقبال واعتمد على مبتدأ قبله إذ يمكن أن نقول (الفلاح يحرث ثوره الأرضَ).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><u>وإذا كان اسم الفاعل مجرداً من (ال) ودل على الماضى ، أو دل على الحال أو الاستقبال ولم يعتمد على نفى أو استفهام أو مبتدأ أو موصوف فإنه لا يعمل عمل فعله </u>. ويكون الاسم الذى يليه مجروراً باعتباره مضافاً إليه ، مثل : محمد حاصد زرعه أمس ؟ (اسم الفاعل (حاصد) لا يعمل لأنه مجرد من (ال) ودل على الماضى).<span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/INTERN%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><u>صيغ المبالغة</u></span><u><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">عند قصد المبالغة أو التكثير تحول صيغة اسم الفاعل إلى صيغ سماعية على خمسة أوزان هى :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>فَعال ، مثل : مناع – قوام – صوام – تواق.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>مِفْعال ، مثل : مطعان – مهذار – مفراح – معدام.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>فَعُول ، مثل : غفور – شكور – حقود – صبور.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>فَعِيل ، مثل : عليم – قدير – سميع – خبير.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>فَعِل ، مثل : حذر – قلق – يقظ – فهم.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">وهذه الصيغ تدل على معنى اسم الفاعل مع افادة المبالغة . ولذا فهى تسمى صيغ المبالغة . ولا تبنى إلا من الفعل الثلاثى . والأصل أن صيغة (فَعال) من صيغ المبالغة . إلا أنها تستعمل أيضاً بمعنى صاحب الحدث وعلى الأخص الحرف فنقول نجار – خباز – نساج – طحان .<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><u>عمل صيغ المبالغة :</u><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">تعمل صيغ المبالغة عمل اسم الفاعل بنفس شروطه ، مثل : طمأنتُ الرجلَ القلق باله (بال : فاعل لصيغة المبالغة (القلق) لأنها محلاة بأل) – إن الله سميع الدعاء (الدعاء : مفعول به لصيغة المبالغة (سميع) لأنها مجردة من (ال) ودلت على الحال والاستقبال واعتمدت على مبتدأ.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[وو]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -43.95pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/INTERN%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><u>الصفة المشبهة</u></span><u><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">الصفة المشبهة هى اسم مصوغ من مصدر الثلاثى اللازم للدلالة على الثبوت.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><u>صوغ الصفة المشبهة :</u><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span lang="AR-SA">١</span>-<span style=""> </span>وتكون من باب (فَرِحَ) على ثلاثة أوزان :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>(فَعِل) لما دل على حزن أو فرح ، نحو : ضَجِر – بطر (ومؤنثه فَعِلَة).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 84.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>(أفْعَل) لما دل على عيب أو حلية أو لون ، نحو : أحدب – أحور – أبيض (ومؤنثه فَعْلاء).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>(فَعْلان) لما دل على خلو أو امتلاء ، نحو : عطشان – شبعان (ومؤنثه فَعْلى).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span lang="AR-SA">٢</span>-<span style=""> </span>وتكون من باب (كَرُمَ) على أوزان شتى أشهرهُا : (فَعِيل – فُعال – فَعال – فَعَل – فَعْل – فُعْل) ، نحو : عظيم – شجاع – جبان – بطل – شهم – صلب.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">وكل ما جاء من الثلاثى بمعنى فاعل ولم يكن على وزنه فهو صفة مشبهة ، نحو : شيخ – أشيب – كيس – عفيف. وتكون من غير الثلاثى على وزن اسم فاعله ، نحو : هو مطمئن البال ، ومستقيم الأخلاق ، ومعتدل القامة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><u>عمل الصفة المشبهة :</u><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">وهى ترفع معمولها على الفاعلية ، عاملةً عمل اسم الفاعل للمتعدى لواحد . وتنصبه على شبه المفعولية إن كان معرفةً على التمييز إن كان نكرة . وتجره على الإضافة (معرفةً كان أو نكرةً) ، نحو : أنتَ حسن سلوكك – ورفيع قدر أبيك – وحسنٌ خلقاً – ونقى السيرة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">غير أنه يمتنع الجر إذا كانت الصفة بـ(ألْ) وليست مثناةً ولا مجموعةً جمع مذكر سالماً ومعمولها خالياً من (ألْ) . ومن الإضافة إلى المحلى بها ، فلا يصح أن يقال : أنتَ الرفيعُ قدرٍ ، ولا القويُ قلبٍ (بالجر). واعلمْ أن اسم الفاعل واسم المفعول إذا لم يقصد منهما الحدوث وقصد بهما الثبوت يعطيان حكم الصفة المشبهة فى العمل من غير تغيير فى الصيغة ، نحو : هذا طاهر القلب ، محمود المقاصد – مشرق الجبين مفتول الزراعين ، حاد البصر. ولا تعمل<span style=""> </span>الصفة المشبهة إلا فى (سببىٍ) أى مشتمل على ضمير موصوفها (لفظا أو معنى) ، نحو : حسنٌ وجهُه<span style=""> </span>، وحسن الوجه أى – منه.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[زز]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><u><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -43.95pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/INTERN%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><u>اسم التفضيل<o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">اسم التفضيل : اسم مشتق يصاغ على وزن (أفْعَل) للدلالة على أن شيئين اشتركا فى صفة وزاد أحدهما على الآخر فى تلك الصفة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><u>صوغ اسم التفضيل<o:p></o:p></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>يصاغ اسم التفضيل من كل فعل ثلاثى ، تام ، متصرف ، مبني للمعلوم ، مثبت ، ليس الوصف منه على (أفْعَل) الذى مؤنثه (فعلاء) ، قابل للتفاوت . مثل : الوردة <u>أجْمَلُ</u> من الزهرة – <span style=""> </span>محمد <u>أمْرَحُ </u>من أخيه.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>وإذا كان الفعل غير الثلاثى ، أو كان الوصف منه على (أفْعَل) الذى مؤنثه (فعلاء) ، أو كان ناقصاً ، أُتى باسم التفضيل يوافق المعنى مثل (أشد) ، أو (أكثر) ونحوهما ، وذكر بعده المصدر الصريح للفعل المراد التفضيل منه منصوباً على التمييز . مثل : هذا القاضى<u> أكْثَرُ</u> تحرياً للعدل من غيره – هذا الزرع<u> أشد</u> خضرةً من غيره.<u><o:p></o:p></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">-<span style=""> </span>وإذا كان الفعل جامداً أو غير قابل للتافت ، أو كان مبنياً للمجهول ، أو منفياً فأتى باسم التفضيل مناسب يذكر بعده مصدرهما مؤولاً . مثل : هو <u>أحَقُ أن يُكرمَ </u>– و<u>أعْظَمُ ألا يخون</u>َ.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[حح]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><u>حالات اسم التفضيل :</u><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;">لاسم التفضيل أربع حالات :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><span lang="AR-SA">١</span>-<span style=""> </span>أن يكون مجرداً من (أل) والإضافة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">وفى هذه الحالة يجب إفراده وتذكيره والإتيان بعده بالمفضل عليه مجروراً بمن ، مثل : الطائرة أسرع من القطار – الطائرات أسرع من القطر.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA">٢</span>-<span style=""> </span>أن يكون معرفاً بـ(أل) :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">وفى هذه الحالة يجب مطابقته للمفضل ، ولا يذكر المفضل عليه ، مثل : الأخ الأكبر ذكى – الأخت الكبري ذكية – الأخوات الكبريات ذكيات – اتفقت الدولتان العظْميان (وليس الدولتان الأعظم).<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA">٣</span>-<span style=""> </span>أن يكون مضافاً إلى نكرة :<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">وفى هذه الحالة يجب إفراده وتذكيره على أن يطابق المضاف إليه المفضل ، مثل : الكتاب أفضل صديق – الكتابان أفضل صديقين – الكتب أفضل أصدقاء.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="AR-SA">٤</span>-<span style=""> </span>أن يكون مضافاً إلى معرفة : <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">وفى هذه الحالة يجوز فيه المطابقة وعدمها ، مثل : أنتما أفضل أو أفضلا الناس – أنتم أفضل أو أفاضل الناس – أنتن أفضل أو فضليات الناس.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[طط]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><u>عمل اسم التفضيل :<o:p></o:p></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">يرفع اسم التفضيل الضمير المستتر ، ولا يرفع الإسم الظاهر قياساً إلا إذا صح أن يحل محله فعل بمعناه . ويكون ذلك : إذا سبقه نفى أو نهى أو استفهام ، وكان مرفوعه أجنبياً ، وكان هذا المرفوع مفضلاً على نفسه باعتبارين ، نحو : ما رأيتُ مكتبةً أكثرَ فيها الكتب منها فى مكتبتك – لا يكن غيرك أحب إليه العلم منه إليك – أرأيتَ قناةً أغزر فيها الماء منه فى هذه القانة.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[يي]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" face="georgia" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الاختتام<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><span style=""> </span><b><u>الخلاصة <o:p></o:p></u></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">التعجب هو استعظام فعل الفاعل ظاهر المزية ، للتعجب صيغتان هما : (ما أفعله) و (أفعل به) ، ولهما ستة شروط و أحكام . <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">المصدر (أو اسم المعنى) هو ما دل على معنى مجرد من الزمان ، مثل : عدْل – اجتماع – إكرام . والفعل يكون ثلاثياً أو رباعياً أو خماسياً أو سداسياً. ولكل من هذه الأفعال مصدر خاص. يعمل المصدرعمل فعله تعدياً ولزوماً. فإن كان فعله لازماً ، احتاج إلى الفاعل فقط. وإن كان متعدياً ، احتاج إلى فاعل ومفعول به . وللمصدر ستة أنواع يعنى : المصدر الميمى ، المصدر الصناعى ، اسم المرة و اسم الهيئة ، المصدر الصريح و المصدر المؤول. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">اسم المصدر هو مادل على معنى المصدر ، ونقص عن حروف فعله بدون تقدير للمحذوف ، ولا تعويض منه . ويعمل اسم المصدر عمل المصدر.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">الاسم المشتق هو ما أخذ من غيره ودل على شئ موصوف بصفة. والمشتقات سبعة وهى : اسم الفاعل (وصيغ المبالغة) ، اسم المفعول ، الصفة المشبهة باسم الفاعل ، اسم التفضيل ، اسم الزمن والمكان ، واسم الآلة.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 37.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;">الاسم الصفة : ما دل على صفة شئ من الأعيان أو المعانى ، وهو موضوع ليُحْمَلَ على ما يوصف به . وهو سبعة أنواع (الأسمتء الصفات) : اسم الفاعل ، واسم المفعول ، والصفة المشبهة ، واسم التفضيل ، والمصدر الموصوف به ، والاسم الجامد المتضمن معنى الصفة المشتقة ، واسم المنسوب .<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; font-family: georgia;"><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" >المراجع<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 65.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.7pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" lang="AR-SA" ><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin: 12pt 73.45pt 12pt 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">v<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" >الشيخ</span></span> <span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:12pt;" lang="AR-SA" >مصطفى الغلا يينى. <i>جامع الدروس العربية</i>. دار الفكر. بيروت – لبنان. ٢٠٠٧</span> <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 12pt 73.45pt 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">v<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">فؤاد نعمة. <i>ملخص قواعد اللغة العربية</i>. دار الحكمة. دمشق. ١٩٩٣</span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 12pt 73.45pt 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">v<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">توفيق محمد الجوهرى سبع وإخوانه. <i>كتاب النحو</i>. جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية. المملكة العربية السعودية. ١٤٠٠ه<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 12pt 73.45pt 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">v<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL">السيد أحمد الهاشمى. <i>قواعد الأساسية للغة العربية</i>. دار الفكر. بيروت – لبنان. ١٣٥٤ه<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 12pt 73.45pt 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 200%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">v<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="RTL"><span lang="AR-SA">الشيخ المصطفى طامم واخوانها. <i>قواعد اللغة العربية</i>. الوزيرة العلمية. مصر. ١٩٨٦<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <div face="georgia"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr align="left" width="33%" size="1"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[أ]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>الشيخ مصطفى الغلا يينى. جامع الدروس العربية. (دار الفكر : بيروت – لبنان ،٢٠٠٧). ص ٤٤<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ب]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>فؤاد نعمة. ملخص قواعد اللغة العربية. (دار الحكمة : دمشق ،١٩٩٣). ص ١٨٤<span lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 9.35pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -9.35pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ج]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>الشيخ المصطفى الغلايينى. المراجع السابق. ص<span style=""> </span>٤٤<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[د]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>نفس المرجع. ص<span style=""> </span>٤٥<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ه]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>نفس المرجع. ص ٤٦<span lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[و]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>فؤاد نعمة. المراجع السابق. ص<span style=""> </span>١٨٤ -<span style=""> </span>١٨٥<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ز]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>الشيخ المصطفى الغلايينى.<span style=""> </span>المراجع السابق. ص<span style=""> </span>٤٧ - ٤٩<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 7.8pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ح]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>فؤاد نعمة. المراجع السابق. ص ٣٠ - ٣١<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 26.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.7pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ط]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>توفيق محمد الجوهرى سبع وإخوانه. كتاب النحو. (جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية : المملكة العربية السعودية ، ١٤٠٠ه ). ص<span style=""> </span>٢٢ - ٢٣<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 7.8pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ي]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>نفس المرجع. ص ٢٦ - ٢٨<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 7.8pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ك]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>نفس المرجع . ص ٣١ - ٣٢<span lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -9.35pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ل]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>اجتهاد : مصدر مضاف إلى فاعله ، وهو (سعيد) : مجرور لفظاً بالمضاف ، مرفوع حكماً لأنه فاعل.<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -9.35pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[م]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>عصيان : مصدر مضاف إلى فاعله ، وهو الكاف ضمير المخاطب. فالكاف لها محلان من الإعراب : قريب ، وهو الجر<span style=""> </span>بالمضاف<span style=""> </span>، وبعيد ، وهو الرفع لأنها فاعل. و(أباك) مفعول به لـ(عصيان).<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -9.35pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ن]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>تكريم : مصدر مضاف إلى مفعوله ، وهو (العاملين) والفاعل محذوف جوازاً ، أى : تكريمكم أو تكريم الناس أو نحو ذلك. <o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -9.35pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[س]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>دفع : مصدر مضاف إلى فاعله ، وهو لفظ الدلالة. وبعضهم : مفعوله.<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn16"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -9.35pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ع]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>الشيخ المصطفى الغلايينى. المراجع السابق. ص ٥٣٠ - ٥٣١<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 17.15pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -9.35pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ف]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>السيد أحمد الهاشمى. قواعد الأساسية للغة العربية. (دار الفكر : بيروت – لبنان ، ١٣٥٤ ه) ص ٣٠٥<span lang="AR-SA"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn18"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ص]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>فؤاد نعمة. المراجع السابق. ص<span style=""> </span>٣٦<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn19"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ق]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>السيد أحمد الهاشمي. المراجع السابق. ص ٣٠٤ - ٣٠٥<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn20"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ر]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>فؤاد نعمة. المراجع السابق. ص<span style=""> </span>٣٤<span lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn21"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 18.7pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.7pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ش]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>واعلم أنه ليس كل ما حلقته ياء النسبة مردفة بتاء التأنيث يكون مصدراً صناعيا . إلا إذا لم يذكر الموصوف لفظا و تقديرا . فان ذُكر الموصوف . أو قدر أو نوى – فهو اسم منسوب لا غير.<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn22"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ت]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>السيد أحمد الهاشمى. المراجع السابق. ص ٣٠٧ - ٣٠٨<span lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn23"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 9.35pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -1.55pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ث]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span>توفيق محمد الجوهرى سبع وإخوانه. المراجع السابق. ص ٣٦ - ٣٧<span lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn24"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 9.35pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[خ]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span>السيد أحمد الهاشمى. المراجع السابق. ص <span lang="AR-SA">٣٠٦<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn25"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 9.35pt; text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ذ]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span>فؤاد نعمة. المراجع السابق. ص ٣٦ - ٣٧<span lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn26"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 9.35pt; text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ض]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>الشيخ المصطفى الغلايينى. المراجع السابق. ص ١٥٣<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn27"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin-right: 9.35pt; text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[غ]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span>توفيق محمد الجوهرى سبع وإخوانه. المراجع السابق. ص <span lang="AR-SA">٤٢<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn28"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[ظ]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>الشيخ المصطفى طامم واخوانها. قواعد اللغة العربية. (الوزيرة العلمية : مصر ، ١٩٨٦) ص ١٢٧ - ١٢٨<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn29"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[أأ]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>نفس المرجع . ص<span style=""> </span>١٣٠ - ١٣٣<span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn30"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[بب]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>نفس المرجع . ص ١٣٨ - ١٤٠</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn31"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[جج]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>نفس المرجع . ص<span style=""> </span>١٤٣ - ١٤٥<span style=""> </span><span dir="LTR" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn32"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[دد]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>الشيخ المصطفى الغلايينى. المراجع السابق. ص ٦٥<o:p></o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn33"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[هه]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style=""> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>السيد أحمد الهاشمى. المراجع السابق. ص<span lang="AR-SA">٣١٠ <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn34"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[وو]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>فؤاد نعمة. المراجع السابق. ص ٤٠ -<span style=""> </span>٤٣<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn35"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[زز]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>السيد أحمد الهاشمى . المراجع السابق . ص ٣١٣ - ٣١٥<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn36"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[حح]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span>توفيق محمد الجوهرى سبع وإخوانه. المراجع السابق. ص <span lang="AR-SA">٦٧</span> - <span lang="AR-SA">٦٨<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn37"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[طط]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span>فؤاد نعمة. المراجع السابق. ص ٥٠ -<span style=""> </span>٥١<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn38"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[يي]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[يي]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style=""> </span></span>توفيق محمد الجوهرى سبع وإخوانه. المراجع السابق. ص <span lang="AR-SA">٧٣</span> <span lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-18735245080699788652009-07-19T21:58:00.000-07:002009-07-19T22:04:07.635-07:00SPI<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Wingdings;} @list l1 {mso-list-id:484978869; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-1097460522 2071470912 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l1:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:-; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l2 {mso-list-id:1309168352; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:432179626 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l2:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l3 {mso-list-id:1526945809; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:368351868 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l3:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" >PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam dan pembentukan peradaban dunia bermula dengan adanya gerakan rohaniah yang meresap pandangan hidup Islam dalam jiwa yang bermula dari zuhur Islam itu sendiri sebagai sebuah agama rahmat ke seluruh alam. Tidak ada lagi zaman yang lain selepas kemunculan Islam, dengan bersumber ke Al-Quran dan Sunnah Rasul SAW, Islam jadi satu kekuatan besar yang melimpahkan rahmatnya dari tanah Arab yang kering dan berdebu menjai hijau dan subur. Bahkan terus merambat ke berbagai penjuru dunia, dari Bumi Farsi yang sekarang dikenal dengan Iran melintasi Bilad al-Sham mencakup Jordania, Syria dan Irak yang pernah dijajah imperium Romawi sampai ke Mesir dan Bilad al-Sudan atau Afrika dan terus menyeberang ke Mawara al-Nahr Negara yang kini bernama Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, dan Goergia ke Al-Hind yang kini dikenal dengan India tempat para ahli ilmu alam Islam.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Peradaban Islam ini akhirnya menginjak Tanah Besar China dan seterusnya ke Bilad al-Jawi yang lebih dikenal dengan Tanah Melayu yang mencakup semenanjung Malaysia, Borneo, Indonesia, Philipina, dan sebagian dari Thailand dan Kamboja. Merambahnya Islam ke semua tempat sekaligus membawa perubahan alamia kepada keilmuan, peta dunia, ekonomi, politik, dan social dan budaya dunia ketika itu. Jalan-jalan pedagangan menjadi garis penentu yang memisahkan Bandar-bandar utama di Dunia, sekaligus memperkaya peradaban dan juga bahasa.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam telah dikenal ke Nusantara atau <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> pada abad pertama Hijriyah atau 7 Masehi, meskipun dalam frekuensi yang tidak terlalu besar melalui perdagangan dengan para pedagang muslim yang berlayar ke kawasan ini singgah untuk beberapa waktu. Pengenalan Islam lebih intensif, khususnya di Semenanjung Melayu dan Nusantara, berlangsung beberapa abad kemudian.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Bukti peninggalan pertama arkeologi Islam di Asia Tenggara adalah dua makam muslim yang ada sekitar akhir abad ke-11 M di dua tempat yang sebenarnya agak berjauhan, di Padurangga (sekarang Panrang di Vietnam) dan di Leran, Gresik, Jawa TImur). Makam di Gresik adalah makam Fatimah binti Maimun, pada tahun 1082 M, yang diperkirakan adalah putri raja Gedah (Kedah).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" >PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" >SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM DI <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">INDONESIA</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >A.<span style=""> </span>Kedatangan Islam di Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam masuk di <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> pada abad ke-7 M dengan berimannya orang perorang.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Akan tetapi menurut Taufik Abdullah, belum ada bukti bahwa pribumi Indonesia di tempat yang disinggahi oleh pedagang Muslim itu beragama Islam, diduga pedagang Arab tersebut hanya berdiam untuk menunggu muslim yang baik bagi pelayaran saja.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Saat itu sudah ada jalur pelayaran yang ramai dan bersifat internasional melalui selat Malaka yang menghubungkan Dinasti Tang di Cina, Sriwijaya di Asia Tenggara dan Bani Umayyah di Asia Barat sejak abad ke-7.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut sumber-sumber Cina menjelang akhir perempatan ketiga abad 7, seorang pedagang Arab menjadi pemimpin pemukiman Arab muslim di pesisir pantai Sumatera. Raja Sriwijaya Jambi yang bernama Srindravarman mengirim <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">surat</st1:city></st1:place> kepada Khalifah ‘Umar bin ‘Abdul ‘Aziz (berkuasa pada 717-720 M) dari Khalifah Bani Umayyah (661-750 M). <i>“…..Saya ingin Anda mengirimkan kepada saya seseorang yang dapat mengajarkan Islam kepada saya dan menjelaskan kepada saya tentang hukum-hukumnya.”</i><span style=""> </span>Maka pada tahun 720 M, Raja Srindravarman, yang semula Hindu, masuk Islam. Sriwijaya Jambi pun dikenal dengan nama Sribuza Islam.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Cikal bakal kekuasaan Islam telah dirintis sejak periode abad 1-5 H / 7-8 M, tetapi tenggelam oleh hegemoni maritim Sriwijaya di Palembang dan Kerajaan Hindu Jawa seperti Singasari dan Majapahit. Pada masa itu, pedagang dan mubalig Islam membentuk komunitas Islam yang berkembang dengan pesat dan damai karena ajarannya disukai oleh penduduk setempat.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemajuan politik dan ekonomi Sriwijaya berlangsung sampai abad ke-12 M. Pada akhir abad ke-12 M. Sriwijaya mulai mengalami kemunduran dan dipercepat oleh usaha-usaha kerajaan Singasari yang sedang bangkit, yang mana melakukan ekspedisi Pamalayu pada tahun 1275 M. Sedangkan di pesisir Aceh, pemukiman muslim sudah ada sejak menjelang abad ke-13 dan pada pertengahan abad ke-13 didirikan kerajaan Islam Samudera Pasai, diiringi dengan berdirinya kerajaan Islam pada abad ke-15 M di Malaka <span style=""> </span>Kemudian bersamaan dengan mulai memuncaknya kekuasaan kedua kerajaan tersebut, kerajaan Singasari dan Majapahit pun mengalami kemunduran karena kekacauan-kekacauan yang terjadi akibat perebutan kekuasaan.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedatangan Islam dan penyebarannya kepada golongan bangsawan dan rakyat, umumnya dilakukan secara damai. Mereka berhubungan dengan pedagang-pedagang Muslim yang posisi ekonominya kuat karena menguasai pelayaran dan perdagangan. Apabila kerajaan Islam sudah berdiri, penguasanya melancarkan perang terhadap kerajaan non-Islam. Hal itu bukanlah karena persoalan agama tetapi karena dorongan politis untuk menguasai kerajaan-kerajaan disekitarnya.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Islamisasi memang tidak berhenti sampai berdirinya kerajaan-kerajaan Islam, tetapi terus berlangsung intensif dengan berbagai cara dan saluran.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span> Saluran dan cara-cara Islamisasi di Indonesia, yaitu : Saluran perdagangan, saluran pekawinan, saluran tasawuf, saluran pendidikan, saluran kesenian, dan politik.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun faktor-faktor yang membantu tersebarnya agama Islam dengan cepat di <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> dan pulau-pulau sekitarnya dapat diringkas dengan beberapa hal berikut ini:<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Mudahnya agama Islam, tidak terdapat hal-hal yang rumit bagi seseorang yang berkeinginan memeluk agama Islam.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Jernihnya hati penduduk <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> dan fitrah mereka yang siap untuk memeluk agama Islam.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Pernikahan yang terjadi antara orang-orang Arab dengan penduduk <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Akulturasi bangsa Arab dengan penduduk <st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region> dan pergaulan mereka dengan<span style=""> </span>penduduk<span style=""> </span><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region><span style=""> </span>seperti<span style=""> </span>saudara<span style=""> </span>kandung</span><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >B.<span style=""> </span>Kerajaan-Kerajaan Islam di Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerajaan Islam di Indonesia diperkirakan kejayaannya berlangsung antara abad ke-13 sampai dengan abad ke-16. Timbulnya kerajaan-kerajaan tersebut didorong oleh maraknya lalu lintas perdagangan laut dengan pedagang-pedagang Islam dari <st1:city st="on">Arab</st1:city>, <st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Persia</st1:country-region></st1:place>, Tiongkok, dan lain-lain. Kerajaan tersebut dapat dibagi berdasarkan wilayah pusat pemerintahannya, yaitu di Sumatera, Jawa, Maluku, Kalimantan, dan <st1:place st="on">Sulawesi</st1:place>.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b>1.<span style=""> </span>Kerajaan Samudera Pasai ( Sumatera )<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerajaan Samudera Pasai tercatat dalam sejarah sebagai kerajaan Islam yang pertama. Kerajaan ini didirikan pertama kali oleh seorang penguasa lokal yang bernama Marah Silu dari Samudera, dia berhasil mempersatukan daerah Samudera dan Pasai. Dan kedua daerah tersebut dijadikan sebuah kerajaan dengan nama Samudera Pasai. Kerajaan Samudera Pasai terletak di Kabupaten Lhokseumauwe, Aceh Utara, yang berbatasan dengan selat malaka dan berkembang pada abad ke-13 dan berlangsung sampai tahun 1524 M.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Peranan Samudera Pasai dalam bidang perdagangan adalah dengan letak yang strategis, maka Samudera Pasai berkembang sebagai kerajaan maritim dan memiliki hegenomi atas pelabuhan-pelabuhan yang penting di pesisir pantai barat Sumatera serta berkembang sebagai Bandar Transito. Nilai yang dapat diambil dari keberadaan kerajaan Samudera Pasai adalah Nilai keterbukaan dan kebersamaan dan penghormatan kepada setiap golongan masyarakat serta prinsip kepemimpinan yang dekat dengan rakyat.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Keberadaan kerajaan Samudera Pasai dibuktikan dengan adanya : Catatan Marcopolo dari <st1:place st="on">Venetia</st1:place>, catatan Ibnu Batutah dari Maroko, Batu nisan Sultan Malik al-Saleh, dan Jirat Putri Pasai.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Raja-raja yang memerintah di Samudera Pasai antara lain :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Sultan Malik al-Saleh (1285-1297)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Sultan Muhammad (Malik al-Tahir I)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Sultan Ahmad (Malik al-Tahir II)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Sultan Zaenal Abidin (Malik al-Tahir III)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Selain kerajaan Samudera Pasai, berdiri juga kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Sumatera diantaranya yaitu kerajaan Aceh dan kerajaan Malaka.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b>2.<span style=""> </span>Kerajaan Demak (Jawa)<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Demak pada masa sebelumnya sebagai suatu daerah yang dikenal dengan nama Bintoro atau Gelagahwangi yang merupakan daerah kadipaten di bawah kekuasaan Majapahit. Kadipaten Demak tersebut dikuasai oleh Raden Patah salah seorang keturunan Raja Brawijaya V yaitu raja Majapahit.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan berkembangnya Islam di Demak, maka Demak dapat berkembang sebagai <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kota</st1:city></st1:place> dagang dan pusat penyebaran Islam di pulau Jawa. Hal ini dijadikan kesempatan bagi Demak untuk melepaskan diri dengan melakukan penyerangan terhadap Majapahit. Setelah Majapahit hancur maka Demak berdiri sebagai Kerajaan Islam pertama di pulau Jawa dengan rajanya yaitu Raden Patah. Kerajaan Demak terletak di Jawa Tengah dengan pusat pemerintahannya di daerah Bintoro di muara sungai Demak, yang dikelilingi rawa yang luas di perairan Laut Muria.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemerintahan Raden Patah berlangsung dari akhir abad ke-15 sampai awal abad ke-16 M. Kemudian pada tahun 1507 digantikan oleh anaknya, Pati Unus yang masih berumur 17 tahun. Selanjutnya Pati Unus digantikan oleh Trenggono yang memerintah pada tahun 1524-1546. Pada masa ini, Islam dikembangkan ke seluruh tanah Jawa hingga ke Kalimantan Selatan. Pada Tahun 1546, Sultan Trenggono terbunuh digantikan adiknya, Prawoto yang akhirnya juga dibunuh oleh Aria Penangsang dari Jipong, pada tahun 1549. Dan selanjutnya Aria Penangsang pun dibunuh oleh Jaka Tingkir dari kerajaan Pajang, dengan terbunuhnya Aria Penangsang maka berakhirlah kerajaan Demak dan berdirilah kerajaan Pajang.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b>3.<span style=""> </span>Kerajaan Banten (Jawa)<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Banten atau Sunda Kelapa yang terletak di ujung barat pulau Jawa dulunya adalah daerah perluasan kekuasaan kerajaan Demak, di bawah pimpinan Fatahillah. Dan setelah Banten diislamkan oleh Fatahillah maka daerah Banten diserahkan kepada putranya yang bernama Hasannudin dan dia langsung meletakkan dasar-dasar pemerintahan kerajaan Banten dan mengangkat dirinya sebagai raja pertama, memerintah tahun 1552-1570. Sedangkan Fatahillah sendiri menetap di <st1:city st="on">Cirebon</st1:city> dan banyak menekuni hal keagamaan di <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">sana</st1:city></st1:place>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada masa pemerintahan Hasannudin, Banten dapat melepaskan diri dari kerajaan Demak sehingga Banten dapat berkembang cukup pesat dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan. Lokasi kerajaan Banten terletak di wilayah Banten sekarang, yaitu di tepi Timur Selat Sunda sehingga daerahnya strategis dan sangat ramai untuk pedagangan Nasional.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Silsilah Raja-raja Banten :<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Sultan Hasannudin (1552-1570)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Panembahan Yusuf (1570-1580)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Maulana Muhammad (1580-1596)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Abulmufakir (1596-1640)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Abumaali Achmad (1640-1651)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Sultan Abdul Fatah / Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (1651-1682)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Abdulnasar Abdulkahar / Sultan Haji (1682-1687)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Selain kerajaan Demak dan kerajaan Banten, berdiri juga kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Jawa diantaranya yaitu kerajaan Pajang, kerajaan Mataram, dan kerajaan <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Cirebon</st1:city></st1:place>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b>4.<span style=""> </span>Kerajaan Banjar (<st1:place st="on">Kalimantan</st1:place>)<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Masuknya Islam di Kalimantan Selatan, identik dengan berdirinya kerajaan Banjar yang merupakan kelanjutan kerajaan Daha yang beragama Hindu. Peristiwanya dimulai ketika terjadi pertentangan di istana antara Pangeran Samudera, putra Raja Sukarama sebagai pewaris tahta kerajaan Daha dengan pamannya, pangeran Tumenggung. Pertentangan ini mengakibatkan terbunuhnya Pangeran Mangkubumi, anak tertua Raja Sukarama, maka Pangeran Tumenggunglah yang tampil menjadi raja Daha.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan Pangeran Samudera berkelana ke wilayah muara. Dan atas bantuan seorang patih, yang bernama Patih Masih, Pangeran Samudera dapat menghimpun kekuatan perlawanan. Dan pada serangan pertama, Pangeran Samudera berhasil menguasai Muara Bahan, sebuah pelabuhan strategis yang sering dikunjungi para pedagang luar, seperti dari pesisir utara Jawa,Gujarat, dan Malaka.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Peperangan terus berlangsung secara seimbang. Patih Masih mengusulkan kepada Pangeran Samudera untuk meminta bantuan kepada kerajaan Demak. Sultan Demak bersedia membantu asal Pangeran Samudera nanti masuk Islam. Dan akhirnya, kemenangan berpihak kepada Pangeran Samudera. Sesuai dengan janjinya, ia beserta seluruh penjabat kraton dan rakyat Banjar masuk Islam. Ia pun diberi nama Sultan Suryanullah atau Suriansyah dan dinobatkan sebagai raja pertama dalam kerajaan Islam Banjar sekitar tahun 1526 M. Kemudian, Sultan Suryanullah digantikan oleh putra tertuanya yang bergelar Sultan Rahmatullah. Lalu raja-raja Banjar berikutnya adalah Sultan Hidayatullah dan Sultan Musta’inullah.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain kerajaan Banjar, berdiri juga kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Kalimantan yaitu kerajaan Kutai di Kalimantan Timur.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b>5.<span style=""> </span>Kerajaan Islam di Maluku<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut H. J. de Gaff, raja pertama yang benar-benar Muslim adalah Zayn Al Abidin (1486-1500 M). <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Di Giri</st1:city>, <st1:state st="on">ia</st1:state></st1:place> dikenal dengan nama Raja Bulawa atau Raja Cengkeh. Ketika ia kembali dari Jawa, ia mengajak Tuhubahahul yang dikenal kemudian sebagai penyebar utama Islam di kepulauan Maluku.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Ambon, tepatnya di Hitu tersebarnya Islam dikarenakan datangnya Ibrahim yang menjadi Qadhi di Ambon dan memberikan pengajaran kepada seluruh guru Agama Islam di pulau ini. Menurut riwayat, sumber Islam di Ambon adalah Jawa.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b>6.<span style=""> </span>Kerajaan Islam di <st1:place st="on">Sulawesi</st1:place> (Gowa-Tallo, Bone, Wajo, Soppeng, dan Luwu)</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerajaan Gowa-Tallo, kerajaan kembar yang saling berbatasan, biasanya disebut kerajaan <st1:place st="on">Makassar</st1:place>. Kerajaan ini terletak di semenanjung Barat Daya pulau <st1:place st="on">Sulawesi</st1:place>, yang merupakan daerah transito sangat strategis.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Agama Islam mulai masuk ke Gowa-Tallo pada waktu Datu ‘Ri Bandang datang ke kerajaan ini, Alauddin (1591-1636 M) adalah sultan pertama yang menganut agama
<br />Islam tahun 1605. Kerajaan Gowa-Tallo menyampaikan “Pesan Islam” kepada kerajaan-kerajaan lain. Raja Luwu langsung menerima, tetapi Wajo, Soppeng, dan Bone terikat dalam aliansi Tallumpoeco dalam perebutan hegemoni dengan Gowa-Tallo, Islam kemudian melalui peperangan. Wajo menerima Islam tanggal 10 Mei 1610 dan Bone tanggal 23 November 1611.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam bidang politik, kerajaan-kerajaan Islam ini pada mulanya mempergunakan agama untuk memeperkuat diri dari kerajaan-kerajaan non Islam, terutama yang mengancam kehidupan politik dan ekonomi. Meskipun demikian, kalau kepentingan politik dan ekonomi antar kerajaan-kerajaan Islam itu sendiri terancam, persamaan agama tidak menjamin bahwa permusuhan tidak ada. Oleh karena kepentingan yang berbeda di antara kerajaan-kerajaan itu pula, sering satu kerajaan Islam membantu pihak lain, untuk mengalahkan kerajaan Islam yang lain.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan antar kerajaan-kerajaan Islam lebih banyak terletak dalam bidang budaya dan keagamaan. Kerajaan Islam itu telah merintis terwujudnya idiom kultural yang sama, yaitu Islam. Hal<span style=""> </span>ini menjadi pendorong terjadinya interaksi budaya yang semakin erat.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadaan kerajaan-kerajaan Islam menjelang datangnya Belanda di akhir abad ke-16 dan awal abad ke-17 ke <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> berbeda-beda, bukan hanya berkenaan dengan kemajuan politik, tetapi juga proses islamisasinya. Di Sumatera, penduduk sudah Islam sekitar tiga abad, sementara di Maluku dan <st1:place st="on">Sulawesi</st1:place> proses Islamisasi baru saja berlangsung.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Jawa, pusat kerajaan Islam sudah pindah dari pesisir ke pedalaman, yaitu dari Demak ke Pajang kemudian ke Mataram. Berpindahnya pusat pemerintahan itu membawa pengaruh besar yang sangat menentukan perkembangan sejarah Islam di Jawa, diantaranya adalah :<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Kekuasaan dan sistem politik didasarkan atau basis agraris</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Peranan daerah pesisir dan juga Jawa dalam perdagangan dan pelayaran mundur</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Terjadinya pergeseran pusat-pusat perdagangan dalam abad ke-17 dengan segala akibatnya.</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >C.<span style=""> </span>Islam di Indonesia Pada Zaman Modern dan Kontemporer<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b>C.1.<span style=""> </span>Gerakan Modern Islam<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembaruan dalam Islam atau gerakan modern Islam merupakan jawaban yng ditujukan terhadap krisis yang dihadapi umat Islam pada masanya. Kemunduran progresif Kerajaan Usmani yang merupakan pemangku Khilafah Islam, setelah abad ke-17, telah melahirkan kebangkitan Islam di kalangan warga Arab di pinggiran imperium itu. Yang terpenting diantaranya adalah gerakan Wahabi, sebuah gerakan reformis puritanis (<i>Salafiyyah)</i>. Gerakan ini merupakan sarana yang menyiapkan jembatan ke arah pembaruan Islam abad ke-20 yang lebih bersifat intelektual. Gerakan yang lahir di Timur Tengah itu telah memberikan pengaruh besar kepada gerakan kebangkitan Islam di Indonesia.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Bermula dari pembaruan pemikiran dan pendidikan Islam di Minangkabau, yang disusul oleh pembaruan pendidikan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Arab di Indonesia, kebangkitan Islam semakin berkembang membentuk organisasi-organisasi sosial keagamaan, seperti Sarekat Dagang Islam (SDI), Muhammadiyah, Persatuan Islam, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah (Perti), dan partai-partai politik, seperti Sarekat Islam (SI), Persatuan Muslimin Indonesia (Permi), dan Partai Islam Indonesia (PII). Organisasi-organisasi sosial keagamaan Islam dan organisasi-organisasi yang didirikan kaum terpelajar baru, menandakan tumbuhnya benih-benih nasionalisme dalam pengertian modern.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b>C.2.<span style=""> </span>Organisasi Politik dan Organisasi Sosial Islam<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><i>1.<span style=""> </span>Masa Revolusi dan Demokrasi Liberal<o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Moh. Hatta dalam sidang PPKI setelah kemerdekaan berhasil dengan mudah menyakinkan anggota bahwa hanya suatu konstitusi “sekular” yang mempunyai peluang untuk diterima oleh mayoritas rakyat <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place>. Tujuh kata dalam anak kalimat yang tercantum dalam sila Pertama Pancasila dengan segala konsekuensinya dihapuskan dari konstitusi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Keputusan tentang penghapusan tujuh kata-kata dari Piagam Jakarta itu sama sekali tidak mengakhiri konflik ideologi yang telah berlangsung lama pada masa sebelum kemerdekaan. <st1:place st="on">Para</st1:place> nasonialis Islam harus menerima kenyataan itu, Karena mereka menyadari bahwa masa revolusi bukanlah saat yang tepat untuk mendesak terlaksananya cita-cita Islami mereka.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam masa-masa revolusi, konflik ideologi tidak begitu jelas, tetapi dapat dirasakan dan disaksikan melalui pergantian-pergantian kabinet yang silih berganti. Dan dari tiga kekuatan ideologi itu, muncullah tiga alternative dasar<span style=""> </span>Negara : Islam, Pancasila, dan Sosial Ekonomi. Tetapi, dalam perjalanan sidang-sidang Konstituante itu, perdebatan ideologis mengenai dasar Negara terkristal menjadi Islam dan Pancasila.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Usaha partai-partai Islam untuk menegakkan Islam sebagai ideologi negara di dalam konstituante mengalami jalan buntu. Demikian juga dengan Pancasila, yang oleh umat Islam waktu itu, dipandang sebagai milik kaum “anti-Muslim”, setidak-tidaknya di dalam konstituante. Memang, kesempatan untuk menyelesaikan tugas konstituante masih terluang, namun pekerjaannya diakhiri dengan Dekrit Presiden 1959, konstituante dinyatakan bubar dan UUD 1945 dinyatakan berlaku kembali.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><i>2.<span style=""> </span>Masa Demokrasi Terpimpin<o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Di masa Demokrasi Terpimpin ini, Soekarno kembali menyuarakan ide lamanya Nasakom, suatu pemikiran yang ingin menyatukan nasionalis, “sekular”, Islam, dan komunis. Akan tetapi, idenya itu dilaksanakan dengan caranya sendiri. Pancasila pun ditafsirkan sesuai dengan pemikirannya. Masa ini, karena lebih didominasi oleh PKI, memendam ketegangan antara Islam dan komunisme. Masa Demokrasi Terpimpin itu berakhir dengan gagalnya Gerakan 30 September PKI Tahun 1965. Umat Islam bersama ABRI dan golongan lainnya bekerjasama menumpas gerakan itu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><i>3.<span style=""> </span>Masa Orde Baru<o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah Orde Lama hancur, kepemimpinan <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> berada di tangan Orde Baru. Tumbangnya Orde Lama memberikan harapan-harapan baru kepada kaum Muslimin. Namun, kekecewaan pun muncul dalam diri umat Islam. Mereka<span style=""> </span>merasa, meskipun komunis telah tumbang, kenyataan berkembang tidak seperti yang diharapkan. Rehabilitasi Masyumi, partai Islam berpengaruh yang dibubarkan Soekarno, tidak diperkenankan. Bahkan, tokoh-tokohnya juga tidak diizinkan aktif dalam Partai Muslimin <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> (Parmusi) yang didirikan kemudian.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Orde Baru memang sejak semula mencanangkan pembaruan sistem politik. Pada tanggal 26 November 1966, ditetapkan RUU kepartaian, RUU pemilu, dan RUU Susunan MPR, DPR, dan DPRD. Yang kedua dan ketiga ditetapkan 22 November 1969. Pada 9 Maret 1970, fraksi-fraksi parpol di DPR dikelompokkan. Pada tanggal 5 Februari 1973, Parpol difusikan ke dalam PPP dan PDI . Pada 14 Agustus 1975 RUU kepartaian dipisahkan. Penataan kehidupan kepartaian berikutnya adalah penetapan asas tunggal, Pancasila, untuk semua Parpol, tidak ada lagi ideologi Islam, jadi tidak ada lagi partai Islam.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Asas tunggal merupakan awal dari era baru peran Islam dalam kehidupan berbangsa ini. Peran politik (formal) Islam tidak ada lagi, tetapi sebagai agama yang mengaku tidak memisahkan diri dari persoalan politik, tentu peran itu akan terus berlangsung. Mungkin dengan pendekatan yang berbeda.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><b><i>Kebangkitan Islam di Masa Orde Baru<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak dekade 1970-an, kegiatan Islam semakin berkembang bila dibandingkan dengan waktu-waktu sebelumnya. Terlihat, ada tanda-tanda kebangkitan Islam kembali dalam masa Orde Baru ini. Fenomena yang sangat bisa dilihat adalah munculnya bangunan-bangunan baru Islam; masjid-masjid, mushalla-mushalla, madrasah-madrasah, juga pesantren-pesantren.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Memang, setelah pimpinan-pimpinan nasionalis Islam beberapa kali melewati batu sandung politik, mereka sudah berubah secara perlahan. Mereka tidak lagi berusaha keras secara terbuka untuk membentuk negara Islam, tetapi melakukan pendekatan lain, dengan berusaha melaksanakan beberapa “unsur” tertentu dari hukum Islam dan dakwah Islamiyah. Beberapa orang tokoh Masyumi dulu, banyak aktif lembaga-lembaga dakwah, ada juga yang aktif di perguruan tinggi Islam swasta, dan ada juga yang aktif dalam organisasi-organisasi kemasyarakatan Islam.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Disamping itu, sejak dekade 1970-an, banyak bermunculan intelektual muda Muslim, melontarkan ide-ide segar untuk masa depan umat. Kebanyakan mereka adalah intelektual Muslim berpendidikan “umum” dan merupakan buah dari kegiatan-kegiatan organisasi-organisasi mahasiswa Islam seperti Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMI), Pergerakan Mahasiswa Islam Indonesia (PMII), dan Ikatan Mahasiswa Muhammdiyah (IMM).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Disamping itu pula, Departemen Agama yang dibentuk sebagai konsesi bagi umat Islam juga banyak dalam membentuk dan mendorong kebangkitan Islam tersebut. Empat belas Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) induk dengan sekian banyak cabangnya sangat berjasa menyiapkan guru-guru agama, pendakwah dan mubalig dalam kuantitas besar. Demikian juga dengan kebijaksanaan pemerintah mendirikan Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan asas tunggal, memang wadah politik umat Islam hilang. Islam nampaknya menarik diri dari dunia politik. Namun, dengan pembaharuan politik bangsa ini, umat Islam terlepas dari ikatan yang sempit menuju dunia yang lebih luas. Perjuangan kultural adalah lahan yang sangat luas dibandingkan dengan dunia politik saja, aspek ini merupakan pusat perhatian umat Islam di masa lalu.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" >D.<span style=""> </span>Peradaban Islam di Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b>D.1.<span style=""> </span>Sebelum Kemerdekaan</b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i>1.<span style=""> </span>Birokrasi Keagamaan<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibu <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">kota</st1:city></st1:place> kerajaan disamping merupakan pusat-pusat politik dan perdagangan, juga merupakan tempat berkumpul para ulama dan muballig Islam. Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1636 M) mengangkat Syaikh Syamsuddin Al-Sumatrani menjadi mufti kerajaan Aceh dan begitu pula terjadi pada raja-raja yang lain.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedudukan ulama disamping sebagai penasihat raja, juga duduk dalam jabatan-jabatan keagamaan yang tingkat dan namanya berbeda antara satu daerah dengan daerah lainnya. Tetapi penerapan hukum Islam terkuat ada pada kerajaan Aceh dan Banten.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i>2.<span style=""> </span>Ulama dan Ilmu-Ilmu Pengetahuan<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Ada</st1:city></st1:place> dua cara yang dilakukan oleh para ulama untuk menyebarkan kebudayaan Islam : </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Membentuk kader-kader ulama yang akan bertugas sebagai muballig.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Melalui karya-karya yang tersebar dan dibaca di berbagai tempat yang jauh.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilmuwan Muslim terkenal pertama di <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> adalah Hamzah Fansuri yang menulis Asrarul-‘Arifin fi Bayan ila Suluk wa Al-Tauhid. Kemudian, Syamsuddin Al-Sumatrani mengarang buku Mir’atul Mu’minin (1601 M); Nurudin Al-Raniri yang menulis banyak buku diantaranya al-Shirath, al-Mustaqim berisi uraian tentang hukum kitab-kitab suluk di Jawa bersifat mistik yang terambil dari tradisi mistik (tasawuf) Islam.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Sulawesi, pemikiran tasawuf dikembangkan oleh Syaikh Yusuf Makassar (1626-1699 M) yang berlayar di Timur Tengah. Pada abad ke-19 M, pemikiran tasawuf mulai bergeser kepada pemikiran fiqih seperti tergambar dalam karya-karya ulama pada masa itu. Syaikh Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari misalnya (1710-1812 M) menulis kitab fiqih Sabilal Muhtadin dan kitab Perukunan Mellayu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i>3.<span style=""> </span>Arsitek Bangunan<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil-hasil seni bangunan pada perkembangan dan pertumbuhan Islam di Indonesia, antara lain : mesjid-mesjid kuno Demak, mesjid Agung Banten, mesjid Baiturrahman di Aceh, Sendang Duwur Agung Kasepuhan di Cirebon, dan di daerah-daerah lain. Beberapa masjid kuno, bangunannya mengingatkan kita kepada seni bangunan Candi selain dari itu, pintu gerbang baik di keraton maupun pemakaman berbentuk Candi-bentar, kori agung, jelas menunjukkan corak pintu gerbang yang dikenal sebelum Islam. Demikian pula, nisan-nisan kubur di daerah Tralaya, Tuban, Madura, Demak, Kudus, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Cirebon</st1:city></st1:place>, dan Banten menunjukkan unsur-unsur seni ukir dan perlambang pra-Islam. Di Sulawesi, Kalimantan, dan Sumatera terdapat beberapa nisan kubur yang lebih menunjukkan unsur seni <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> pra-Hindu dan pra-Islam.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b>D.2.<span style=""> </span>Setelah Kemerdekaan<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i>1.<span style=""> </span>Departemen Agama<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Departemen Agama (dulu namanya Kementrian Agama) didirikan tanggal 3 Januar1 1946 pada masa Kabinet Syahrir. Menteri Agama pertama adalah M. Rasyidi yang diangkat pada tanggal 12 Maret 1946. Berdirinya Departemen Agama merupakan penyesuaian pemerintah kala itu dengan keinginan mayoritas Muslim. Menurut B. J. Boland walaupun banyak pendapat yang saling bertentangan tentang kementrian, secara bertahap makna yang positif dari kementrian akan tampil ke depan yang meliputi hal-hal sebagai berikut :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Bahwa kementrian itu menawarkan kemungkinan bagi agama, khususnya Agama Islam, untuk berperan seefektif<span style=""> </span>mungkin dalam negara dan masyaraqat.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Dalam sebuah negeri yang sangat bercorak Muslim, kementrian ini merupakan suatu jalan tengah antara negara sekular dan negara Islam.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Dalam jangka waktu beberapa tahun di awal berdirinya kementrian ini, telah dikeluarkan berbagai peraturan yang menentukan tugas serta ruang lingkup kementrian agama.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i>2.<span style=""> </span>Pendidikan<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu bentuk pendidikan Islam tertua di <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> adalah pesantren yang tersebar di berbagai pelosoknya. Pada awal abad ke-20, persoalan administrasi dan organisasi pendidikan mulai mendapat perhatian setelah berkembangnya pemikiran pembaharuan dalam Islam. Hal ini untuk memperbaiki, tidak ada kurikulum yang jelas dalam pesantren untuk tingkat lanjutan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> merdeka, Badan Pekerja Komite Nasional pusat dalam bulan Desember 1945 menganjurkan agar pendidikan madrasah yang ada pada masa sebelumnya diteruskan. Pada tahun 1946 Departemen Agama mengadakan latihan 90 guru agama, dan pada tahun 1948, didirikanlah sekolah guru dan hakim Islam di Solo. Beberapa sekolah agama Islam direncanakan dan didirikan oleh Departemen Agama. Sementara, perguruan Islam swasta masih berjalan. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk-bentuk lembaga pendidikan swasta tersebut adalah sebagai berikut :</p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Pesantren <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> klasik</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Madrasah diniyah (agama)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Madrasah-madrasah swasta (negeri)</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaum muslimin sejak awal berpikir untuk membangun Perguruan Tinggi Islam, akhirnya Mahmud Yunus membuka Islamic College pertama tanggal 9 Desember 1940 di Padang, terdiri dari Fakultas Syari’ah, Fakultas Pendidikan dan Bahasa Arab. Pada tahun 1945, muncul Universitas Islam Indonesia (UII) yang merupakan perguruan tinggi Islam pertama yang memiliki fakultas-fakultas non agama.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tanggal 26 Sepetember 1951 dibuka perguruan tinggi dengan nama Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (PTAIN), dan pada tahun 1957 di <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city> didirikan Akademi Dinas Ilmu Agama (ADIA). Gabungan keduanya membentuk IAIN yang terus berkembnag pesat.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i>3.<span style=""> </span>Hukum Islam<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu lembaga Islam yang sangat penting yang juga ditangani oleh Departemen Agama adalah hukum atau syariat. Pengadilan Islam di Indonesia membatasi dirinya pada soal-soal yang bersifat pribadi. Keberadaan lembaga peradilan agama di masa <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> merdeka adalah kelanjutan dari masa colonial Belanda.<i><o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> merdeka jumlah pengadilan agama bertambah tetapi administrasinya tidak segera dapat diperbaiki. <st1:place st="on">Para</st1:place> hakim Islam tampak ketat dan kaku, karena hanya berpegang pada mazhab Syafi’i. Sementara itu, belum ada kitab undang-undang yang seragam yang dapat dijadikan pegangan para hakim dan Pengadilan Agama. Karena itulah, sekolah Pendidikan Hakim Islam Negeri (PHIN) dan Fakultas Syariah di perguruan-perguruan tinggi Islam didirikan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Baru pada tahun 1974, hukum perkawinan diundangkan, setelah Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat menyetujui pada bulan Desember 1973. Pada tanggal 21 Maret 1984 diterbitkan Surat Keputusan Bersama (SKB) antara Ketua Mahkamah Agung dan Menteri Agama yang menetapkan terbentuknya sebuah panitia dengan tugas menangani pelaksanaan kompilasi. Dan akhirnya panitia kompilasi itu telah menghasilkan tiga buku hukum, masing-masing tentang Hukum Perkawinan (Buku I), Hukum Kewarisan (Buku II), dan Hukum Perwakafan (Buku III). Ketiga buku tersebut dilokakaryakan pada bulan Februari 1988 dan mendapat dukungan yang luas.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemantapan posisi hukum Islam dalam sistem hokum nasional semakin meningkat setelah Undang-Undang Peradilan Agama ditetapkan tahun 1989. Undang-Undang Peradilan Agama ini merupakan kelengkapan dari UU No. 14/1970 tentang ketentuan-ketentuan pokok kekuasaan kehakiman.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><i>Haji<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Semenjak zaman penjajahan Belanda, umat Islam <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> ingin mempunyai kapal laut untuk dipergunakan dalam penyelenggaraan perjalanan haji. Iuran dikumpulkan, saham diedarkan, tetapi, selama zaman jajahan, keinginan ini tidak terwujud. Setelah <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> merdeka, usaha ini dilanjutkan. Pada tahun 1964, Dewan Urusan Haji mengajak PHI untuk kembali mengurus jamaah haji, tetapi campur tangan pemerintah di dalamnya semakin besar, karena tanggung jawab penyelenggaraan haji terletak pada pemerintah setempat. Namun, semua usaha yang dilakukan itu tidak ada yang berhasil baik. Setelah Soekarno jatuh tahun 1966, organisasi-organisasi swasta mulai lagi melakukan kegiatannya menyelenggarakan perjalanan haji.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara alasan mengapa pemerintah melakukan monopoli dalam perjalanan penyelenggaraan haji adalah sebagai berikut :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Pemerintah merasa bertanggung jawab atas penyelenggaraan perjalanan haji agar masyarakat merasa tentram dan terjamin.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Kemungkinan faktor laba juga menjadi perhatian pemerintah.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk meningkatkan mutu pelayanan, pemerintah menyediakan Tim Pembimbing Haji Indonesia (TPHI), Tim Pembimbing Haji Daerah (TPHD), Tim Kesehatan Haji Indonesia (TKHI), dan Tim Kesehatan Haji Daerah (TKHD). Di samping itu, pemerintah masih merasa perlu untuk mengangkat Tim Pembimbing Ibadah Haji (TPIH).<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><i><o:p> </o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i>5.<span style=""> </span>Majelis Ulama <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> (MUI)<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Di samping Departemen Agama, cara lain pemerintah <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> dalam menyelenggarakan administrasi Islam ialah mendirikan Majelis Ulama. Suatu program pemerintah, apalagi yang berkenaan dengan agama, hanya bisa berhasil dengan baik bila disokong oleh ulama. Karena itu, kerja sama antara pemerintah dan ulama perlu terjalin dengan baik. Pertama kali Majelis Ulama didirikan pada masa pemerintahan Soekarno. Majelis ini pertama-tama berdiri di daerah-daerah karena diperlukan untuk menjamin kemajuan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Majelis-majelis ulama di provinsi lain didirikan jauh kemudian, yaitu setelah majelis pusat berdiri pada bulan Oktober 1962. Pada tahun 1975, usaha-usaha dimulai untuk mendirikan majelis ulama yang baru. Majelis-majelis ulama di tiap ibu <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">kota</st1:place></st1:city> provinsi dibentuk atau bagi yang masih aktif diteruskan dalam rangka pembentukan majelis ulama yang baru.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Sementara itu, di Jakarta dibentuk panitia Musyawarah Nasional I Majelis Ulama seluruh <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Musyawarah itu sendiri dilangsungkan pada tanggal 21-27 Juni 1975, dihadiri oleh wakil-wakil Majelis Ulama provinsi. Ketika itulah Majelis Ulama Indonesia.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam Pedoman Dasar Majelis Ulama Indonesia yang disahkan dalam kongres tersebut, disebutkan bahwa, Majelis Ulama Indonesia berfungsi :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Memberi fatwa dan nasihat mengenai masalah keagamaan dan kemasyarakatan kepada pemerintah dan umat Islam umumnya sebagai <i>amar ma’ruf nahi mungkar</i>, dalam usaha meningkatkan ketahanan nasional.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Memperkuat ukhuwah islamiyah dan memelihara serta meningkatkan suasana kerukunan antarumat beragama dalam mewujudkan persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Mewakili umat Islam dalam konsultasi antarumat beragama.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Penghubung antara ulama dan umara (pemerintah) serta menjadi penerjemah timbal balik antara pemerintah dan umat guna menyuksekan pembangunan nasional.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" >PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:14pt;" ><span style=""> </span>Simpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam masuk di <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> pada abad ke-7 M dengan berimannya orang perorang. Saat itu sudah ada jalur pelayaran yang ramai dan bersifat internasional melalui selat Malaka yang menghubungkan Dinasti Tang di Cina, Sriwijaya di Asia Tenggara dan Bani Umayyah di Asia Barat sejak abad ke-7.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Kerajaan- kerajaan Islam yang ada di <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> adalah :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Sumatera : Kerajaan Samudera Pasai, kerajaan Malaka, dan kerajaan Aceh.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Jawa : Kerajaan Demak, kerajaan Pajang, kerajaan Mataram, kerajaan Banten, dan kerajaan <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Cirebon</st1:city></st1:place>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><st1:place st="on">Kalimantan</st1:place> : Kerajaan Banjar dan kerajaan Kutai.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"><st1:place st="on">Sulawesi</st1:place> : Kerajaan Gowa-Tallo, kerajaan Bone, kerajaan Wajo, kerajaan Soppeng, dan kerajaan Luwu.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada zaman modern kebangkitan Islam semakin berkembang di Indonesia membentuk organisasi-organisasi sosial keagamaan, seperti Sarekat Dagang Islam (SDI), Muhammadiyah, Persatuan Islam, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah (Perti), dan partai-partai politik, seperti Sarekat Islam (SI), Persatuan Muslimin Indonesia (Permi), dan Partai Islam Indonesia (PII). Organisasi-organisasi sosial keagamaan Islam dan organisasi-organisasi yang didirikan kaum terpelajar baru, menandakan tumbuhnya benih-benih nasionalisme dalam pengertian modern.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;">Peradaban-peradaban Islam sebelum kemerdekaan adalah birokrasi keagamaan, ulama dan ilmu-ilmu pengetahuan, dan arsitek bangunan. Sedangkan peradaban Islam setelah kemerdekaan adalah Departemen Agama, Pendidikan, hukum Islam, haji, dan Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" >DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Yatim Badri, Dr. M.A. <i>Sejarah Peradaban Islam (Dirasah Islamiyah II</i>). PT Raja Grafindo Persada. <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>. 2007</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Tjandrasaamita Uka (Ed.). <i>Sejarah Nasional <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> III</i>. Balai Pustaka. <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city> 1984.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:16pt;" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7pt;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR">Mundzirin Yusuf (Ed.). <i>Sejarah Peradaban Islam di Indonesia</i>. Penerbit Pustaka. <st1:place st="on">Yogyakarta</st1:place>. 2006</span><b><span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:16pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr align="left" width="33%" size="1"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style=""> </span><a href="http://www.syariahpublication.com/"><span style="color:#000000;">Http://www.syariahpublication.com</span></a> </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Dr. Badri Yatim, M.A. Sejarah Peradaban Islam (Dirasah Islamiyah II). (<st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place> : PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007). Hal 193</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style=""> </span><a href="http://www.syariahpublication.com/"><span style="color:#000000;">Http://www.syariahpublication.com</span></a>. </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Dr. Badri Yatim, M.A. Op Cit. Hal 194-195</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Uka Tjandrasaamita (Ed.). Sejarah Nasional <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> III. (Jakarta : Balai Pustaka, 1984). Hal 26-27</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Ibid. Hal 188 </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>http://www.salafi.or.id</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Yusuf Mundzirin (Ed.). Sejarah Peradaban Islam di Indonesia. (<st1:place st="on">Yogyakarta</st1:place> : Penerbit Pustaka, 2006)</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style=""> </span>A. Zuani dalam Artikelnya “Sejarah Peradaban Kerajaan Islam <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>”. Friday, June 8, 2007.</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Dr. Badri Yatim, M.A. Op Cit. Hal 211-212 </p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A. Zuani. Op Cit</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Dr. Badri Yatim, M.A. Op Cit. Hal 219-221</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Ibid. Hal 222-225</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Ibid. Hal 231-232</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Ibid. Hal 257-258</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn16"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Ibid. Hal 265-271</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Ibid. Hal 272- 275</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn18"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Ibid. Hal 299-313</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn19"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Ibid. Hal 315-317</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn20"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Ibid. Hal 318-319</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn21"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Ibid. Hal 320-322</p> </div> </div> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-3064610718720250902009-07-19T21:43:00.000-07:002009-07-19T21:47:33.670-07:00Qawaid A<br />المقدمة<br />بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم<br /><br />الحَمْدُ لِلٌهِ الٌذِى علٌمَ الإنسانَ مالمْ يَعلمْ وهداه بعدَ الضٌلالِ وفقه بعد غفله. والصٌلاةُ والسٌلامُ على ﺃشرف الأنبياء والمرسلينَ وعلى آلهِ وصحبه ﺃجمعينَ .<br />و بعد, نشكرُ اللهَ تعالى الذى أعطعنا القوٌة والنشاط فى اتمامِ المقالةِ, ونشكرُ ﺃيضًا على محاضرةِ القواعد " الاستاذة درﺃ. ماريانى " التى قد وهبتْ لنا هذه الفرصةَ على تقديمِها وﺇليكم.<br />كما علِمنا, ﺃنٌ الفعل باعتبار زمنه ينقسم ﺇلى ثلاثة ﺃفعال يعنى : الفعل الماضى, الفعل المضارع, والفعل الأمر.<br />والفعل المضارع هو ما دلٌ على معنى مقترن بزمان صالح للحاضر أو المستقبل و يدخل ﺇليه ﺇحدى الزوائد الأربع وهى الهمزة والنون والتاء والياء. كان الفعل المضارع مبنيٌا ومعربًا .<br />والفعل المضارع مبنيٌ ﺇذا اتٌصل بالنٌون النٌسوة والنٌون التوكيد ثقيلةً أو خفيفة. وإعراب الفعل المضارع هو مرفوع ومنصوب و مجزوم. وفى هذه المقالة نبحث عن " نواصب الفعل <br />المضارع ". ونسأل المولى جلٌ شأنه ﺃن ينفع بهذه المقالة, وهو الموافق للحقٌ والصواب.<br /><br /><br /><br />البحث<br />نواصب الفعل المضارع<br />ﺃ- القواعد<br />۱- ينصب الفعل المضارع متى سبقه ﺃحد النواصب اﻷربعة ، هى : ﺃن– لن- ﺇذن- كى. <br />۲- ينصب المضارع ﺇذا تقدمته ﺇحدى النواصب وهى ﺃربعة : ﺃن ، لن ، ﺇذن ، كى. <br />۳- ينصب المضارع ﺇذا سبقته ﺇحدى النواصب. وهو ينصب ﺇما لفظا ، وﺇما تقديرا ، كما سلف ، و إما محلا إن كان مبنيا ، مثل : ( على اﻷمهات ﺃن يعتنين ﺒﺄولادهن ) <br />٤- ينصب الفعل المضارع ﺇذا سبقه ﺃحد حروف النصب وهى : ( ﺃن - لن - ﺇذن – كى ) <br />و( فاء السببية) و ( واو الماعية) وهى بمعنى ( مع) و يشترط ﺃن تكون مسبوقة ﺒﺄداة نفى ﺃو بفعل طلبى كاﻷمر والنهى, وكذلك ( ﺃو ) التى هى بمعنى ( ﺇلى ) او ( ﺇلا )<br /> و ( حتى ) التى تدل على انتهاء الغاية ﺃو التعليل. <br />ب- علامة نصب الفعل المضارع<br />علامة نصب الفعل المضارع هي :<br />۱- الفتحة ، مثال : لن ﺃكتب – لن تكتب – لن نكتب – لن يكتب.<br />۲- إذا كان الفعل المضارع معتل الآخر باﻷلف ﺃو بالواو ﺃو بالياء ، ﻓﺈنه ينصب :<br />- بفتحة مقدرة ، إذا كان آخره ﺃلفا ، مثال : لن يرضَى – لن يتبارَى<br />- بفتحة ظاهرة ، إذا كان آخره واوا ﺃو ياء ، مثال : لن يشكوَ – لن يرمىَ- لن يبنىَ<br />۳- ينوب عن الفتحة حذف النون ، إذا كان الفعل من اﻷفعال الخمسة ، مثال : لن تكتبا – <br /> لن يكتبا – لن تكتبوا – لن يكتبوا – لن تكتبى. <br />ج- نواصب الفعل المضارع <br />▪ ( ﺃن ) ، وهى حرف مصدرية ونصب واستقبال ، نحو : (يريد الله ﺃن يخفف عنكم ) (وسميت مصدرية ، ﻷنها تجعل ما بعدها فى ﺗﺄويل مصدر، ﻓﺗﺄويل اﻵية : (يريد الله التخفيف عنكم)، وسميت حرف نصب ، لنصبها المضارع. وسميت حرف استقبال ،ﻷنها تجعل المضارع خالصا للاستقبال. وكذلك جميع نواصب المضارع تمحضه الاستقبال ، بعد ﺃن كان يحتمل الحال والاستقبال.<br />ﻓﺈن وقعت بعد ما يدل على اليقين ، فهى مخففة من (ﺃن) ، والفعل بعدها مرفوع ، نحو : (ﺃفلا يرون ﺃلا يرجع ﺇليهم قولا). وﺇن وقعت بعد ما يدلٌ على ظنٌِ ﺃو شبهِه ، جاز ﺃن تكون ناصبة للمضارع ، وجاز أن تكون مخففة من المشددة ، فالفعل بعدها مرفوع. وقد قرئت : (وحسبوا ألا تكون فتنة) ، بنصب (تكون) على أن (أن) ناصبة للمضارع ، وبرفعه على أنٌها مخففة من (أنٌٌَ). والنصب أرجح عند عدم الفصل ِ بينها وبين الفعل ﺑ (لا) ، نحو : (أحسب الناس أن يُتركوا) والرفع والنصب سواء عند الفصل بها ، كالآية الأولى. فإن فُصِل بينهما بغير (لا) ﻛ (قد) والسين وسوف ، تعيٌن الرفع ، وأن تكون (أن) مخفٌفة من المشدٌدة ، نحو : (ظننتُ أن قد تقوم ، أو أنْ ستقومُ ، أو أن سوف تقومُ ).<br />واعلم أنٌ (أن) الناصبة للمضارع ، لا تستعمل إلاٌ فى مقام الرجاء والطٌمع فى حصول ما بعدها ، فجاز أن تقعَ بعد الظنٌ وشبهه ، وبعد ما لا يدلٌ على يقين أو ظنٌ ، وامتنع وقوعُها بعد أفعال اليقين والعلم الجازم ، لأ هذه الأفعال إنما تتعلق بالمحقٌق ، فلا يناسبها ما يدلٌ على غير محقٌق ، وإنٌما يناسبها التوكيد ، فلذا وجب أن تكون (أن) الواقعة بعدها مُخفٌفة من المشدٌدة المفيدة للتوكيد. <br />- أن (المصدرية) ومعنى المصدرية أنها يمكن أن تؤول مع الفعل المضارع بعد بمصدر.مثل : (يسرٌنى أنْ تتقدٌمَ) (تتقدٌمَ : فعل مضارع منصوب بالفتحة والفاعل ضمير مستتر تقدير ، أنت. والمصدر المؤول من أن والفعل اى تقدٌمُك فاعل ليسرنى. <br />▪ ( لنْ ) ، وهى حرف نفى ونصب واستقبال ، فهى فى نفى المستقبل كالسين وسوفَ فى إثباته. وهى تفيد تأكيد النفى لا تأييده ، وأما قوله تعالى : (لنْ يخلقوا ذباباً). <br />- لنْ : حرف يفيد النفى والاستقبال ، بالاتٌفاق (انتفاء حصول الفعل فى المستقبل) ،<br /> مثل : (لنْ أقومَ). <br />- لنْ : للنفى فى المستقبل ،مثل : (لنْ يضيعَ الحقٌ َ المغتصبُ )<br /> (يضيعَ : فعل مضارع منصوب بالفتحة) <br />▪ ( إذَنْ ) ، وهى : حرف جواب وجزاء ونصب واستقبال ، تقول : ( إذ َنْ تُفلحَ ) ، جوابا لمن قال : ( سأجتهدُ ). وقد سمٌيت حرفَ جواب ، لأنٌها تقع فى كلام يكون جوابا لكلام سابق. وسمٌيت حرفَ جزاء ، لأنٌ الكلام الداخلة عليه يكون جزاءً لمضمون الكلام السابق. وقد تكون للجواب المحض الذى لا جزاء فيه ، كأن تقول لشخص ٍ : ( إنٌى أ ُحبٌك ) ، فيقول : ( إذ َنْ أظنٌك صادقا ) ، فظنٌك الصدق فيه ليس فيه معنى الجزاء لقوله : ( إنى أحبك ) .<br /> وهى لا تنصب المضارع إلاٌ بثلاثة شروط :<br />١- أن تكون فى صدر الكلام ، أي : صدرِ جملتها ، بحيث لا يسبقها شئ له تعلٌق بما بعدها. وذلك كأن يكونَ ما بعدها خبرا لما قبلها ، نحو : ( أنا إذنْ أكافئك ) ، أو جوابَ شرط ، نحو : ( إنْ تزرنى إذنْ أزرك ) ، جواب قسم ، نحو : ( واللهِ إذنْ لا أفغل ) .<br />وإذا سبقتها الواو أو الفاء ، جاز الرفع وجاز النصب. والرفع هو الغالب. ومن النصب قوله تعالى : ( أم لهم نصيب من الملك فإذاً لا يؤتوا الناس نقيراً ) ، وقرأ السبعة : (وإذًا لاٌ يلبثون) و (فإذًا لاٌ يؤتون) ، بالرفع.<br />۲- أن يكون الفعل بعدها خالصًا للاستقبال. فإن قلتَ : (إذنْ أظنٌك صادقًا) جوابًا لمن قال لك : (إنٌى أحبٌك) ، رفعت الفعل لأنٌه للحال.<br />٣- ألاٌ يُفصل بينها وبين الفعل بفاصل غير القسم و(لا) النافية ، فإن قلتَ : (إذنْ هم يقومون بالواجب) ، جوابًا لمن قال : (يجود الأغنياء بالمالفى سبيل العلم) ، كان الفعل مرفوعًا ، للفصل بينهما بغير الفواصل الجائزة. فإن فُصل بينهما بالقسم ، أو (لا) النافية ، فالفعلُ بعدها منصوب ، فالأول نحو : (إذنْ واللهِ أُكرمَك) والثانى نحو : (إذنْ لا أجيئك).<br />وأجاز بعضُ النحاةِ الفصل بينهما – فى حال النصب – بالنداء ، (إذنْ يا زهيرُ تنجحَ) ، جوابًا لقوله : (سأجتهد). وأجاز ابنُ عصفورٍ الفصلَ أيضًا بالظرف والجارٌ والمجرور. فالأول نحو : (إذنْ يومَ الجمعةِ أجيئَك) ، والثانى نحو : (إذنْ بالجدٌ تبلغَ المجدَ).<br />▪ ( كىْ ) ، وهى : حرف مصدرىٌ ونصبٍِ واستقبال. فهى مثل : (أنْ) ، تجعل ما بعدها فى تأويل مصدر. فإذا قلتَ : (جئتُ لكي أتعلٌم) ، فالتأويل (جئت للتعلٌم) وما بعدها مؤوٌل بمصدرٍ مجرورٍ باللاٌم.َ <br />- كىْ : وهى حرف مصدرى ونصب واستقبال. وهى تُستعملُ مع لام الجرٌ التعليليٌة<br /> (مذكورة ً). نحو : (جئتُ لكىْ أتعلٌمَ) أو (مُقدٌرة ً). نحو : (جئتُ كىْ أتعلٌمَ). <br />- كىْ : للتعليل. مثل : (ادرسا كىْ تنجحا) (تنجحا : فعل مضارع منصوب بحذف النون) <br />د- الفعل المضارع منصوب بـ (أنْ) مُضمرة<br />قد اختصت (أنْ) من بين أخواتها بأنٌها تنصب ظاهرةً ، نحو : (يريد الله أنْ يُخفٌفَ عنكم) ، و مقدٌرةً ، نحو : (يريد الله ليبيٌنَ لكم) ، أى : لأنْ يُبينَ لكم.<br />وإضمارها على ضربين : جائزٍ وواجبٍ<br /><br /><br />أ- إضمار (أنْ) جوازاً : تقدٌر (أنْ) جوازاً بعد ستٌةِ أحرفٍ : <br />١- لام (كىْ) (وتُسمى لامَ التعليل أيضاً) ، وهى : اللا م الجارَة التى يكونُ ما بعدها علة ً لما قبلها و سبابًا له ، فيكون ما قبلها مقصودًا لحصول ما بعدها ، نحو : (وأنزلنا إليك الذكر لتُبيٌنَ للناس).<br />وإنٌما يجوزإضمار(أنْ) بعدها إذا لم تقترن ﺑ (لا) النافية أو الزائدة. فإنٌ اقترنت بإحداهما ، وجب إظهارُها. فالنافية نحو : (لئلاٌ يكونَ للناس على الله حجٌة) ، والزائدة نحو : (لئلاٌ يعلمَ أهلُ اكتاب).<br />٢- لام العاقبة ، وهى : اللام الجارة التى يكون ما بعدها عاقبة لما قبلها ونتيجة له ، لا علٌة ً فى حصوله ، وسبابًا فى الإقدام عليه ، كما فى لام (كىْ). و تُسمى لام الصيرورة ، ولام المآ ل ، ولام النتيجة أيضا ، نحو : (فالتقطه ءال فرعونَ ليكونَ لهم عدوٌا وحزنًا). <br />٣- (الواو العطف) ، نحو : (أرضى بالفرار وأسلم) ، أىْ : أرضى بالفرار والسلامة. <br />٤- (الفاء العطف) ، نحو : (تعبك فتنال المجد خير لك) ، أىْ : تعبك فنيلك المجد خير لك. <br />۵- ( ثُمٌ ) ، وهى حرف العطف ، نحو : (يرضى الجبانُ بالهوان ثمٌ يسلمَ) ، أى : يرضى بالهوان ثم السلامة.<br />٦- ( أوْ ) ، وهى حرف الغطف ، نحو : (الموت أو يبلغَ الإنسان مأمله أفضلُ) ، أى : الموت أوْ بلوغه الأملَ أفضلُ. <br />الواو والفاء و( ثم ٌ) و( أوْ) العاطفة. وإنما ينصب الفعل بعدهنٌ ﺑ (أنْ) مضمرة ، إذا لزم عطفه على اسم محض ، أى : جامد غير مشتق ، وليس فى تأويل الفعل ، كالمصدر وغيره من الأسماء الجامدة ، لأنٌ الفعل لا يعطفُ إلاٌ على الفعل ، أوْ على اسم هو فى معنى الفعل وتأويله ، كأسماء الأفعال والصفات التى فى الفعل. <br />ب- إضمار (أنْ) وجوبًا : تُقدٌرُ (أنْ) وجوبًا بعد خمسة أحرف :<br />١- لام الجحود ، وسمٌاها بعضُهم لامَ النفى ، وهى لام الجر التى تقع بعد (ما كان) أوْ (لمْ يكنْ) الناقصتين ، نحو : (وما كان الله ليظلمَهم) ، ونحو : (لم يكن الله ليغفرَ لهمْ).<br />ﻓ ( يظلمُ) و(يغفرُ) : منصوبان ﺑ (أنْ) مضمرة وجوبًا ، والفعل بعدها مؤوٌل بمصدر مجرور باللام. وخبر (كان) و(يكن) مقدر. والجار والمجرور متعلقان بخبرها المقدر ، والتقدير : (ماكان الله مريدًا لظلمهم ، ولم يكنْ مريدًا لتعذيبهم). <br />- لام الجحود و هى لام يُؤتى بها لتأكيد النفى : بعد كان الناقصة المنفيٌة بما – أوْ يكونُ الناقصة المنفيٌة بلم ، نحو : (ماكان الصديق ليخونَ صديقَه) و (لم يكنْ الشرطيٌ ليسرقَ).<br />٢- فاء السببيٌة (وهى التى تفيد أنْ ما قبلها سبب لما بعدها ، وأنْ ما بعدها مسبب عما قبلها) ، كقول تعالى : (كلوا من طيٌبات ما رزقناكم ولا تطغوا فيه فيحلٌ َ عليكم غضبى).<br />٣- واو الماعيٌة ، وهى التي تفيد حصولَ ما قبلها مع ما بعدها ، فهى بمعنى (مع) تفيد المصاحبةَ ، كقول الشاعر : (لا تنه عن خلقٍ وتأتىَ مثلَه).<br />والواو والفاء هاتان لا تقدٌر (أنْ) بعدهما إلاٌ إذا وقعتا فى جواب نفى أوْ طلبٍ ، فمثال النفى مع الفاء : (لمْ تَرحمْ فتُرحمَ). ومثال الطلب معها : (هل ترحمون فتُرحموا ؟) ومثال النفى مع الواو : (لا نأمرُ بالخير ونعرضَ عنه). ومثال الطلب معها : (لا تأمروا بالخير وتعرضوا عنه).<br />فإنْ لمْ يسبقهما نفى أوْ طلب ، فالمضارع مرفوع ، ولا تقدٌرُ (أنْ) ، نحو : (يكرمُ الأستاذُ المجتهٍدَ فيخجلُ الكسلانُ) ، ونحو : (الشمسُ طالعة وينزلُ المطر).ُ<br />ج- حتٌى ، وهى (حتٌى الجارٌة) ، التى بمعنى (إلى) أوْ لام التعليل. فالأوٌل نحو : (قالوا لنْ نبرحَ عليه عاكفين حتٌى يرجع إلينا موسى). والثانى نحو : (أطع الله حتٌى تفوزَ برضاه) ،أىْ : إلى أن يرجِعَ ، و لتفوزَ .<br />إنْ كان الاستقبال بالنسبة إلى زمان التكلٌم وإلى ما قبلها ، وجب النصبُ لأنٌ الفعلَ مستقبل حقيقةً ، نحو (صُمْ حتٌى تغيبَ الشمسُ) : فغياب الشمس مستقبل بالنسبة إلى كلام المتكلٌم ، وهو أيضًا مستقبل بالنسبة إلى الصيام. وإنْ كان الاستقبال بالنسبة إلى ما قبلها فقط ، جاز النصبُ وجاز الرفعُ. وقد قُرئَ قولُه : (وزلزلوا حتٌى يقولَ الرسولُ) بالنصب ﺑ (أنْ) مضمرةً ، باعتبار استقبال الفعل بالنسبة إلى ما قبله ، لأنٌ زلزالَهم سابق على قول الرسول. وبالرفع على عدم تقدير (أنْ) ، باعتبار أن الفعل ليس مستقبلا حقيقةً ، لأنٌ قول الرسول وقع قبل حكاية قوله ، فهو ماض بالنسبة إلى وقت التكلٌم ، لأنٌه حكايةُ حال ماضية ، و (أنْ) لا تدخل إلاٌ على المستقبل.<br />۵- أوْ : لا تضمر بعدها (أنْ) إلاٌ أنْ يصلحَ فى موضعها (إلى) أوْ (إلاٌ) الاستثنائية ، نحو : (اضرِبْ المُذنِبَ أوْ يتوبَ) ، أىْ : إلاٌ أنْ يتوبَ – أوْ : إلى أنْ يتوبَ.<br />إنٌ تقديرَ (إلاٌ) أوْ (إلى) مكان (أوْ) هو تقدير يلاحِظ فيه المعنى. فتكون أوْ وحتٌى : بمعنى إلى إذا كان ماقبلها ينقضى شيئًا فشيئًا. وبمعنى إلاٌ إذا كان ينقضى دفعة واحدة. وبمعنى لام التعليل إذا كان علة لما قبلها. <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />الاختتام<br /> الخلاصة <br /> ١- ينصب المضارع ﺇذا سبقته ﺇحدى النواصب. وهو ينصب ﺇما لفظا ، وﺇما تقديرا ، كما سلف ، و إما محلا إن كان مبنيا ، مثل : ( على اﻷمهات ﺃن يعتنين ﺒﺄولادهن ) .<br /> ۲- علامة نصب الفعل المضارع هي : الفتحة ، بفتحة مقدرة أوْ فتحة ظاهرة (إذا كان الفعل المضارع معتل الآخر باﻷلف ﺃو بالواو ﺃو بالياء) و ينوب عن الفتحة حذف النون (إذا كان الفعل من اﻷفعال الخمسة) .<br />٣- ينصب الفعل المضارع إذا سبقه أحد من أحرف النواصب ، يعنى : أنْ – لَنْ – إذَنْ – كى <br />٤- الفعل المضارع منصوب بـ (أنْ) مضمرة على ضربين يعنى : جوازًا و وجوبًا . <br />- إضمار (أنْ) جوازاً على ستة أحرف هى : لام كىْ (لام التعليل) – لام العاقبة – الواو العطف – الفاء العطف – ثمٌ – (أوْ) العطف.<br />- إضمار (أنْ) وجوبًا على خمسة أحرف هى : كىْ – حتٌى – لام الجحود – الفاء السببيٌة – الواو الماعيٌة – (أوْ) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />المراجع<br /><br /> على الجارم و مصطفى ﺃمين . النحو الواضح. دار المعارف. مصر. ۱۹٥٤ <br /> السيد ﺃحمد الهاشمى. القواعد اﻷساسية للغة العربية. دار الكتب العلمية. بيروت – لبنان. 1993<br /> الشيخ مصطفى الغلايينى. جامع الدروس العربية. دار الفكر. بيروت – لبنان. 2007<br /> محمد عبد الرحيم عدس. الواضح فى قواعد النحو والصرف. دار هدلاوى. عمان – الاردن. 1991<br /> فؤاد نعمة. ملخص قواعد اللغة العربية. دار الحكمة. دمشق. 1993 <br /> لابن هشام. قطر الندى وبلٌ الصدى. دار الفكر. بيروت – لبنان. ١۹۹٣Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7382721685900187906.post-21564284006273461782009-07-17T20:52:00.000-07:002009-07-17T21:02:32.291-07:00<span style="font-weight:bold;">Perencanaan Bahan dan Kegiatan Belajar Mengajar</span><br /><br />Oleh :<br /><br />Bahrul Helmi : 0701238146<br />Muhammad Yahya : 0701238167<br />Sabariah : 071238200<br /><br />Daftar isi<br />Daftar Isi……………………………...………………………………...………….i<br />Bab I: Pendahuluan………………………………………………….…………….1<br />Bab II: Pembahasan: Perencanaan Bahan dan Kegiatan Belajar Mengajar………2<br />A. Aspek-aspek Materi……………………………………………………….2<br />B. Kriteria pemilihan meteri pelajaran...............................................................4<br />C. Dasar perencanaan KBM...............................................................................5<br />D. Prosedur Penetuan KBM...............................................................................7<br />Bab III: Penutup<br />Kesimpulan...............................................................................................................9<br />Daftar Pustaka....................................................................................................................11<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Bab I<br />Pendahuluan</span><br />Perencanaan berkaitan dengan penentuan apa yang akan dilakukan. Perencanaan mendahului pelaksanaan, karena perencanaan merupakan suatu proses untuk menentukan kemana harus pergi dan mengidentifikasikanpersyaratan yang diperlukan dengan cara yang paling efektif dan efesien. Perencanaan pengajaran di Indonesia merupakan suatu penyusunan alternatif kebijaksanaan dalam mengatasi masalah, yang akan dilaksanakan dalam rangka pencapaian tujuan pembangunan pendidikan nasional dengan mempertimbangkan kenyataan yang ada dibidang sosial, ekonomi, sosial budaya dan kebutuhan pembangunan secara menyeluruh terhadap pendidikan nasional. Dengan demikian pembangunan dunia pendidikan nasional memikul tanggung jawab yang besar sebagai bagian internal dari perencanaan pembangunan bangsa.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Bab II<br />Pembahasan</span><br />Perencanaan Bahan dan Kegiatan Belajar Mengajar<br />Perencanaan ialah berhubungan antara apa adanya sekarang ( what is ) dengan bagaimana seharusnya ( what should be ) yang bertalikan dengan kebutuhan, penentuan, tujuan, prioritas, program, dan alokasi sumber .<br />Seringkali rancangan pengajaran dimulai dengan mengenal tujuan umum yang bersifat lugas suatu sistem sekolah atau lembaga. Program pengajaran dikembangkan dengan harapan dapat mencapai tujuan tersebut .dan diantara program tersebut adalah adanya perencanaan bahan dan KBM.<br />A. Aspek-aspek Materi.<br />Belajar mengajar bukanlah berproses dalam kehampaan, tetapi berproses dalam kemakuaan, didalamnya ada sejumlah nilai yang disampaikan kepada anak didik. Nilai-nilai itu tidak datang dengan sendirinya, tetapi terambil dari berbagai sumber guna dipakai dalam proses belajar mengajar. Jadi dari berbagai sumberlah pelajaran itu diambil.<br />Sumber-sumber bahan pembelajaran adalah segala sesuatu yang dapat dipergunakan sebagai tempat dimana bahan pengajaran tedapat atau asal untuk belajar seseorang. Dengan demikian sumber belajar itu merupakan bahan atau materi untuk menambah ilmu untuk menambah ilmu pengetahuan yang mengandung hal-hal baru bagi si-pelajar, sebab pada hakikatnya belajar adalah untuk mendapatkan hal-hal baru ( perubahan ) .<br />Kalau kita mempelajari lebih dalam mengenai materi pelajaran, maka kita tidak akan melihat adanya berbagai aspek yang antara lain: konsep, prinsip, fakta, proses, nilai keterampilan, bahkan juga terdapat sejumlah masalah-masalah yang ada kaitannya dengan kehidupan masyarakat.<br />Istilah-istilah tersebut pada garis besarnya ialah:<br />1) Konsep adalah suatu ide atau gagasan atau suatu pengertian yang umum, misalnya: sumber kekayaan alam yang dapat diperbaharui.<br />2) Prinsip adalah suatu kebenaran dasar sebagai titik tolak untuk berfikir atau merupakan suatu petunjuk untuk berbuat atau melaksanakan sesuatu.<br />3) Fakta adalah sesuatu yang telah terjadi atau yang telah dikerjakan atau dilalui , mungkin berupa hal objek atau keadaan. Jadi bukan sesutu yang diinginkan atau pendapat atau teori, contoh: Proklamasi kemerdekaan RI.adalah pada tanggal 17 agustus 1945.<br />4) Proses adalah serangkaian perubahan, gerakan-gerakan perkembangan suatu proses dapat terjadi secara sadar aatu tidak disadari.<br />Dapat juga merupakan cara melaksanakan kegiatan operasional, misalnya: di pabrik atau proses pembuatan tempe, proses perubahan warna pada daun yang kena hama wereng dan sebagainya.<br />5) Nilai adalah suatu pola ukuran atau merupakan suatu tipe atau model umumnya nilai bertalian dengan pengakuan atau kebenaran yang bersifat umum, tentang baik ataupun yang buruk, misalnya: hukum jual-beli, hkum koperasi unit desa, dan sebagainya.<br />6) Keterampilan adalah kemampuan berbuat sesuatu dengan baik. Berbuat dapat berarti secara jasmaniah ( menulis, berbicara, dan sebagainya ) dan dapat juga berarti rohaniah ( membedakan, menganalisis, dan sebagainya ). Biasany kedua aspek tersebut tidak lepas satu sama lain, kendatipun tidak selalu demikian adanya ( Oemar Hamalik, 1978 ).<br />Aspek-aspek tersebut, perlu menjadi dasar pertimbangan dalam menentukan bahan pelajaran dan rinciannya. Sesuatusatuan bahasan yang telaah ditentukan perlu dianalisis lebih lanjut tentang konsep-konsep yang terkandung dalam topik tersebut, prinsip-prinsip apa saja yang perlu disampaikan dan seterusnya.<br />Selain itu perlu adanya perencanaan yang sistematis agar waktu yang tersedia dalam suatu semester untuk setiap bidang studi dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal dan setiap pokok pembahasan dapat dipelajari oleh siswa sesuai dengan rencana. Atas dasar itu penyusunan program dalam satuan-satuan kecil yang tercantum dalam pokok-pokok bahasan yang tercantum garis-garis besar program pelajaran merupakan suatu mekanis bagi dapat dilaksanakan kurikulum 75 secara efesien dan efektif.<br />Jelaslah bahwa penggunaan PPSI ( Prosedur Pengembangan Sistem Intelektual ) dan pengembangan program-program pengajaran dalam bentuk satuan-satuan pelajaran dimaksudkan untuk membantu para guru dalam melaksanakan program pengajaran secara efektif dalam rangka pelaksanaan kurikulum.<br />B. Kriteria pemilihan meteri pelajaran.<br />Materi pelajar berada dalam ruang lingkup isi kurikulum, karena itu, pemilihan materi pembelajaran tentu saja harus sejalan dengan ukuran-ukuran ( kriteria ) yang digunakan untuk memilih isi kurikulum bidang studi bersangkutan.<br />Kriteria pemilihan materi pelajaran yang akan dikembangkan dalam sistem instruksional dan yang mendasari penentuan strategi belajar mengajar:<br />1) Kriteria tujuan instruksional<br />Suatu materi pelajaran yang terpilih dimaksudkan untuk mencapai tujuan instruksional khusus atau tujuan-tujuan yang telah dirumuskan.<br />2) Materi pembelajaran supaya terjabar.<br />Perincian meteri pelajaran berdasarkan pada tuntutan dimana tiap TIK telah dirumuskan secara spesifik, dapat diamati dan terukur. Ini berarti terdapat keterkaitan yang erat antara spesifikasi tujuan dan spesifikasi materi pelajaran.<br />3) Rrelevan dengan kebutuhan siswa.<br />Kebutuhan siswa yang pokok ialah bahwa mereka ingin berkembang berdasarkan potensi yang dimilikinya, karena setipa materi pelajaran yang akan disajikan hendaknya sesuai dengan usaha untuk mengembangkan pribadi siswa secara bulat dan utuh. Beberapa aspek diantaranya adalah pengetahuan sikap, nilai dan keterampilan.<br />4) Kesesuaian dengan kondisi masyarakat<br />Siswa dipersiapkan untuk menjadi warga masyarakat yang berguna dan mampu hidup mandiri. Dalam hal ini, materi pelajaran yang dipilih hendaknya turut membantu mereka memberi pengalaman yang edukatif yang bermakna bagi perkembangan mereka menjadi manusia yang mudah menyesuaikan diri.<br />5) Materi pelajaran mengandung segi-segi etik<br />Meteri yang dipilih hendaknya dipertimbangkansegi perkembangan siswa kelak, pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang bakal mereka peroleh dari materi pelajaran yang telah mereka terima diarahkan untuk mengembangkan dirinya sebagai manusia yang etik sesuai dengan sistem nilai dan norma-norma yang berlaku dimasyrakat.<br />6) Materi pelajaran tersusun dalam ruang lingkupdan urutan yang sistematis dan logis.<br />Setiap materi pelajaran disusun secara bulat dan menyeluruh, terbatas ruang lingkupnya dan terpusat pada satu topik masalah tertentu. Materi disusun secara berurutan dengan mempertimbangkan faktor perkembangan psikologi siswa. Dengan cara ini diharapkan isi materi tersebut akan lebih mudah diserap oleh siswa dan dapat segera dilihat keberhasilannya.<br />7) Meteri pelajaran bersumber dari buku sumber yang; baku, pribadi yang ahli dan masyarakat.<br />Ketiga faktor ini diperhatikan dalam memilih pelajaran, buku sumber yang baku umumnya disusun oleh para ahli dalam bidangnya dan disusun berdasarkan GBPP yang berlaku, kendatipun belumtentu lengkap sebagaimana yang diharapkan. <br />Guru yang ahli penting,oleh sebab sumber utama memang adalah guru itu sendiri. guru dapat menyimak segala hal yang dianggapnya perlu unutk disajikan kepada para siswa berdasarkan ukuran pribadinya, masyarakat juga merupakan sumber yang luas, bahkan dapat dikatakan sebagai materi belajar yang paling besar .<br />Adapun R Ibrahim meulis dalam bukunya “perencanaan Pengajaran” mengenai beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam menetapkan materi pelajaran, antara lain:<br />a. Materi pelajaran hendaknya sesuai dengan ataau menunjang tercapainya tujuan instruksional<br />b. Materi pelajaran hendaknya sesuai dengan tingkat pendidikan atau perkembangan siswa pada umumnya.<br />c. Materi pelajaran hendaknya terorganisasi secara sistematis dan berkesinambungan.<br />d. Materi pelajaran hendaknya mencakup tiga hal-hal yang bersifat faktual maupun konseptual .<br />C. Dasar perencanaan KBM.<br />Kegiatan belajar mengajar yang tidak direncanakan secara baik atau menyebalkan hambatan untuk mencapai hasil-hasil belajar yang diharapkan. Karena itu kegiatan belajar mengajar harus dirancang sedemikian rupa agar proses belajar mengajar berhasil secara optimal, itu sebabnya, antara tujuan instruksional, materi pelajaran dan kegiatan belajar mengajar harus memiliki derajat keberhasilan yang tinggi.<br />Adapun yang dijadikan dasar untuk merancang kegiatan belajar mengajar adalah sebagai berikut:<br />1) Berdasarkan pada tujuan instruksional yang hendak dicapai. Didalam tujuan instruksional telah tersirat tingkah laku yang ingin dikembangkan, seperti: pengetahuan dan keterampilan, sikap dan nilai. Tujuan-tujuan akan tercapai, jika siswa dan guru melakukan kegiatan belajar mengajar secara tepat, terarah dan terencana.urutan prioritas tujuan-tujuan instruksional yang telah ditata sebelumnya. Dalam hal itu menjadi pengaruhuntuk menetukan jenis dan bentuk kegiatan yang perlu atau seharusnya dilakuka baik siswa maupun oleh guru.<br />2) Berdasarkan konsep belajar CBSA ( Cara Belajar Siswa Aktif ). belajar akan berhasil jika siswa diberikan kesempatan untuk belajar secara aktif. Keterlibatan ini meyebabkan bekerjanya proses mental dan fisik yang lebih banyak. Siswa pada gilirannya akan menyadari, merumuskan sendiri masalahnya, berusaha dan dengan macam kegiatan belajar mengajar yang bervariasi atau menentang, akan memberikan banyak pengalaman belajar kepada mereka. Konsep yang melibatkan keaktifan siswa atau embantu siswa menuju pembentukan pribadi, kegiatan mandiri, percaya diri dan ketergantungan pada diri sendiri.<br />3) Bertitik tolak dari kesiapan siswa<br />Kesiapan belajar adalah kondisi dimana siswa berada dalam siap mental dan fisik untuk melakukan kegiatan belajar. Faktor ini erat hubungannya dengan kematangan intelektual, mental, sosial, emosional siswa disamping kesiapan secara jasmaniah. Dengan kondisi siap tersebut siswa akan lebih terangsang untuk melakukan kegiatan belajar mengajar dan lebih mudah menerima pengalaman-pengalaman baru, serta lebih termotivasi untuk mencari dan menemukan sendiri pengalaman-pengalaman yang bermakna baginya.<br />4) Mempertimbangkan sumber-sumber<br />Sumber-sumber tersebut meliputi kesediaan waktu, biaya, fasilitas, yang kesemuanya digolongkan sebagai unsur-unsur penunjang untuk keberhasilan kegiatan belajar. Faktor ini tidak dapat diabaikan perannya dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar, sering guru lupa merancang kegiatan yang bervariasi, namun tidak memperhatikan kesediaan sumber-sumber penunjang, dengan akibat kegiatan tidak berlangsung sebagaimana mestinya atau dapat juga terjadi kegiatan belajar mengajar cukup sederhana tetapi menyediakan unsur penunjang yang berkelebihan, dengan akibat pemborosan. Karena itu, rancangan kegiatan belajar mengajar disusun hendaknya dengan memperhatikan sumber-sumber ang ada.<br />D. Prosedur Penetuan KBM<br />Penentuan kegiatan belajar mengajar dilaksanakan melalaui langkah-langkah kerja sebagai berikut:<br />1) Mengidentifikasi aspek-aspek kemampuan yang terkandung dalam tujuan sebagai indikator hasil belajar yang diharapkan, aspek-aspek kemampuan meliputi: pengetahuan ( kognitif ), keterampilan, sikap dan nilai ( afektif ) dari segi kondisi siswa, kemampuan guru, fakto-faktor luar yang mungkin berpengaruh dan dapat dilaksanakan?<br />Apakah kegiatan belajar mengajar itu memungkinkan tercapainya tujuan instruksional secara optimal?<br />Apakah kegiata-kegiatan belajar mengajar tersebut bersifat luwes, dinamis dan senantiasa dapat disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan instruksional?<br />Produk ( tingkah laku yang dihasilkan ), eksploratik (pengalaman luar sekolah). Itu sebabnya setiap guru memahami benar tentang teori belajar, pendekatan tujuan pendidikan misalnya tujuan pendidikan berdasarkan taxonomi bloom dan kawan-kawan. Yang dijadikan sebagai kerangka acuan untuk menentukan hasil belajar.<br />2) Mengidentifikasikan perilaku yang tersirat dalam tujuan pengajaran yang hendak dicapai, yang meliputi perilaku-perilaku yang spesifik, yang diamati dan terukur.<br />Umumnya tercakup dalam tujuan instruksional khusus ( TIK )<br />3) Mengidentifikasikan meteri pelajaran dengan berpedoman pada pokok bahasan dan sub-sub pokok bahasan. Didalam materi terkandung aspek-aspek pengetahuan yang terdiri dari konsep, prinsip, fakta dan prosedur, serta keterampilan yang terdiri dari keterampilan reproduktif dan keterampilan produktif, materi pelajaran mengacu kepada buku sumber wajib, misalnya buku paket.<br />4) Mengidentifikasikan strantegi pelajaran dengan berpedoman pada pokok bahasan didalam nateri terkandung aspek-aspek pengetahuan yang terdiri dari keterampilan produktif. Materi pelajaran mengacu kepada buku sumber wajib, misalnya buku paket.<br />5) Mengidentifikasi kegiatan belajar mengajar yang sesuai dengan strategi belajar mengajar yang sudah dipilih.<br />Kegiata-kegiatan yang dirumuskan pada hakikatnya mencakup kegiatan siswa dan kegiatan guru atau dirumuskan dalam kesatuan kegiatan yang mencakup kedua jenis kegiatan tetu saja rumusan kegiatan hendaknya disusun berdasarkan prinsip koherensi, kelayakan, ketepatgunaan dan keberhasilan serta keluwesan.<br />6) Berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip tersebutselanjutnya perlu diadakan penilaian <br /><br />Bab III<br />Penutup<br />Kesimpulan<br />Dari beberapa uraian diatasmaka dapat kita tarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut:<br />1) Beberapa aspek-aspek materi pelajaran yang dapat menjadi dasar pertimbangan dalam menentukan bahan pelajaran dan rinciannya yang antara lain: konsep, prinsip, fakta, proses, nilai keterampilan,bahkan juga terdapat sejumlah masalah yang ada kaitannya dengan kehidupan masyarakat.<br />2) Beberapa kriteria pemilihan materi, pelajaran yang akan dikembangkan dalam sistem instruksional dan yang mendasari penentuan strategi belajar mengajar:<br />a. Kriteria tujuan instruksional<br />b. Materi pembelajaran supaya terjabar<br />c. Rrelevan dengan kebutuhan siswa<br />d. Kesesuaian dengan kondisi masyarakat<br />e. Materi pelajaran mengandung segi-segi etik<br />f. Materi pelajaran tersusun dalam ruang lingkupdan urutan yang sistematis dan logis<br />g. Meteri pelajaran bersumber dari buku sumber yang; baku, pribadi yang ahli dan masyarakat<br />3) Dasar perencanaan keiatan belajar mengajar adalah sebagai berikut:<br />a. Berdasarkan pada tujuan instruksional yang hendak dicapai<br />b. Berdasarkan konsep belajar CBSA ( Cara Belajar Siswa Aktif )<br />c. Bertitik tolak dari kesiapan siswa<br />d. Mempertimbangkan sumber-sumber<br />4) Prosedur penetuan KBM adalah sebagai berikut:<br />a. Mengidentifikasi aspek-aspek kemampuan<br />b. Mengidentifikasikan perilaku yang tersirat dalam tujuan pengajaran yang hendak dicapai<br />c. Mengidentifikasikan meteri pelajaran<br />d. Mengidentifikasikan strantegi pelajaran<br />e. Mengidentifikasi kegiatan belajar mengajar<br />f. Berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip tersebutselanjutnya perlu diadakan penilaian<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Daftar Pustaka</span><br />• Pidarta, Made, Perencanaan Pendidikan Partisipasi dengan pendidikan sistem, Jakarta: PT.Rineka Cipta, 2005<br />• Sastrawijaya, A. Tresna, pengembangan Program Pengajaran, Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 1991<br />• Djamarah, Saiful Bahri, Strategi Belajar Mengajar, Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 2002<br />• Harjanto, Perencanaan pengajaran, Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 2005<br />• R Ibrahim dan nawa Syaodah, Perencanaan, Jakarta: PT. 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margin-left:2.25in; text-indent:-.25in;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b>BAB I<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Profesionalisme merupakan hal yang sangat penting dimiliki oleh seorang guru. Profesionalisme mencakup beberapa aspek kompetensi, yaitu kompetensi pedagogic, pribadi, profesi dan social. </span>Tugas guru yang diemban dari limpahan tugas masyarakat tersebut antara lain adalah mentransfer kebudayaan dalam arti luas, keterampilan menjalani kehidupan (life skills), dan nilai-nilai serta beliefs. Selain itu, guru secara mendalam harus terlibat dalam kegiatan-kegiatan menjelaskan, mendefinisikan, membuktikan, dan mengklasifikasi. Tugasnya sebagai pendidik bukan hanya mentransfer pengetahuan, keterampilan dan sikap, tetapi mempersiapkan generasi yang lebih baik di masa depan. Oleh karena itu guru harus memiliki kompetensi dalam membimbing siswa siap menghadapi the real life dan bahkan mampu memberikan teladan yang baik.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam upaya meningkatkan profesionalisme guru. maka guru sendiri harus mau membuat penilaian atas kinerjanya sendiri atau mau melakukan otokritik. Di samping itu kritik, pendapat dan berbagai harapan masyarakatjuga harus menjadi perhatiannya. Jadi, guru harus memperbaiki profesionalismenya sendiri, dan masyarakat membantu mempertajam dan menjadi pendorongnya.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Upaya membangun etos kerja atau budaya kerja yang mengutamakan pelayanan bermutu tinggi kepada konstituen merupakan suatu keharusan di zaman sekarang. Semua bidang dituntut untuk memberikan pelayanan prima. Guru pun harus memberikan pelayanan prima kepada konstituennya yaitu siswa, orangtua dan sekolah sebagai stakeholder. Terlebih lagi pelayanan pendidikan adalah termasuk pelayanan publik vang didanai. diadakan, dikontrol oleh dan untuk kepentingan publik. Oleh karena itu guru harus mempertanggungjawabkan pelaksana-an tugasnya kepada publik.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Satu hal lagi yang dapat diupayakan untuk peningkatan profesionalisme guru adalah melalui adopsi inovasi atau pengembangan kreativitas dalam pemanfaatan teknologi pendidikan yang mendayagunakan teknologi komunikasi dan informasi mutakhir. Guru dapat memanfaatkan media dan ide-ide baru bidang teknologi pendidikan seperti media presentasi, komputer (hard technologies) dan juga pendekatan-pendekatan baru bidang teknologi pendidikan (soft technologies).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b>BAB II<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b>PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25.05pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="">A.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Kemampuan Professional Guru<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Profesionalisme guru dibangun melalui penguasaan kompetensi-kompetensi yang secara nyata diperlukan dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan. Kompetensi-kompetensi penting jabatan guru tersebut adalah: kompetensi bidang substansi atau bidang studi, kompetensi bidang pembelajaran, kompetensi bidang pendidikan nilai dan bimbingan serta kompetensi bidang hubungan dan pelayanan/pengabdian masyarakat.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengembangan profesionalisme guru meliputi peningkatan kompetensi. peningkatan kinerja (performance) dan kesejahteraannya. Guru sebagai profesional dituntut untuk senatiasa meningkatkan kemampuan, wawasan dan kreativitasnya</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekolah berubah dari zaman ke zaman. Di masa depan sekolah akan berubah dari format kelas menjadi sekolah bersama dalam satu <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">kota</st1:place></st1:city>, sekolah bersama dalam satu negara, bahkan bersama di dunia atau sekolah global. Berkat kemajuan teknologi informasi sekolah bersama yang diikuti oleh siswa dalam jumlah besar tersebut dapat terlaksana. Kehadiran secara fisik dalam ruangan yang di sebut kelas tidak lagi menjadi keharusan, yang menjadi keharusan adalah adanya perhatian dan aktivitas secara mandiri terhadap sesuatu persoalan yang disalurkan melalui jaringan telekomunikasi interaktif. Oleh karena itu. sejalan dengan perubahan format belajar klasikal ke belajar bersama secara global tapi mandiri tersebut maka dapat dipastikan bahwa peran guru juga akan berubah. Selain itu peran guru di Indonesia juga dipengaruhi oleh adanya kebijakan desentralisasi dan atau otonomi pendidikan. Guru di masa depan dituntut mengusai dan mampu memanfaatkan teknologi komunikasi dan informasi dan berubah peran menjadi fasilitator yang membelajarkan siswa sampai menemukan sesuatu (scientific curiosity'). Selain itu guru harus bersikap demokratis serta menjadi profesional yang mandiri dan otonom. Peran guru seperti itu sejalan dengan era masyarakat madani (civil society).</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan-kemampuan yang selama ini harus dikuasai guru juga akan lebih dituntut aktualisasinya. misalnya kemampuannya dalam:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->merencanakan pembelajaran dan merumuskan tujuan,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengelola kegiatan individu,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menggunakan multi metoda, dan memanfaatkan media,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->berkomunikasi interaktif dengan baik,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memotivasi dan memberikan respons,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->melibatkan siswa dalam aktivitas,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengadakan penyesuaian dengan kondisi siswa,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">8)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->melaksanakan dan mengelola pembelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">9)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menguasai materi pelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">10)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memperbaiki dan mengevaluasi pembelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">11)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memberikan bimbingan, berinteraksi dengan sejawat dan bertanggungjawab kepada konstituen serta,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">12)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu melaksanakan penelitian.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara spesifik pelaksanaan tugas guru sehari-hari di kelas seperti membuat siswa berkonsentrasi pada tugas, memonitor kelas, mengadakan, penilaian dan seterusnya, harus dilanjutkan dengan aktivitas dan tugas tambahan yang tidak kalah pentingnya seperti membahas persoalan pembelajaran dalam rapat guru, mengkomunikasikan hasil belajar siswa dengan orangtua dan mendiskusikan berbagai persoalan pendidikan dan pembelajaran dengan sejawat. Bahkan secara lebih spesiflk guru harus dapat mengelola waktu pembelajaran dalam setiap jam pelajaran secara efektifdan efisien. Untuk dapat mengelola pembelajaran yang efektifdan efisien tersebut, guru harus senantiasa belajar dan meningkatkan keterampilan dasarnya. Menurut Rosenshine dan Stevens sembilan keterampilan dasar yang penting dikuasai oleh guru adalah keterampilan;</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->membuka pembelajaran dengan mereview secara singkat pelajaran terdahulu yang terkait dengan pelajaran yang akan disajikan,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menyajikan secara singkat tujuan pembelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menyajikan materi dalam langkah-langkah kecil dan disertai latihannya masing-masing,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memberikan penjelasan dan keterangan yang jelas dan detil,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memberikan latihan yang berkualitas,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengajukan pertanyaan dan memberi banyak kesempatan kepada siswa untuk menunjukkan pemahamannya,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->membimbing siswa menguasai keterampilan atau prosedur baru,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">8)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memberikan balikan dan koreksi, dan</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">9)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memonitor kemajuan siswa </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu, tentu saja masih ada keterampilan lain yang harus dikuasai guru misalnya menutup pelajaran dengan baik dengan membuat rangkuman dan memberikan petunjuk tentang tindak lanjut yang harus dilakukan siswa.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span style="">B.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong>Pengertian Kompetensi Guru<o:p></o:p></strong></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Kompetensi Guru merupakan seperangkat pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan perilaku yang harus dimiliki, dihayati, dikuasai, dan diaktualisasikan oleh Guru dalam melaksanakan tugas keprofesionalan. Berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) Nomor 18 Tahun 2007 tentang Guru, dinyatakan bahwasanya kompetensi yang harus dimiliki oleh Guru meliputi kompetensi pedagogic, kompetensi kepribadian, kompetensi social, dan kompetensi profesional yang diperoleh melalui pendidikan profesi. Kompetensi Guru tersebut bersifat menyeluruh dan merupakan satu kesatuan yang satu sama lain saling berhubungan dan saling mendukung</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">McAhsan (1981:45), sebagaimana dikutip oleh Mulyasa (2003:38) mengemukakan bahwa kompetensi: <i>“…is a knowledge, skills, and abilities or capabilities that a person achieves, which become part of his or her being to the extent he or she can satisfactorily perform particular cognitive, affective, and psychomotor behaviors”</i>. Dalam hal ini, kompetensi diartikan sebagai pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan kemampuan yang dikuasai oleh seseorang yang telah menjadi bagian dari dirinya, sehingga ia dapat melakukan perilaku-perilaku kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik dengan sebaik-baiknya. Dengan kata lain kompetensi tidak hanya mengandung pengetahuan, keterampilan dan sikap, namun yang penting adalah penerapan dari pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap yang diperlukan tersebut dalam pekerjaan. </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya dikatakan bahwa kemampuan individu dibentuk oleh dua faktor, yaitu faktor kemampuan intelektual dan kemampuan fisik. Kemampuan intelektual adalah kemampuan yang diperlukan untuk melakukan kegiatan mental sedangkan kemampuan fisik adalah kemampuan yang di perlukan untuk melakukan tugas-tugas yang menuntut stamina, kecekatan, kekuatan, dan keterampilan. Jadi kompetensi adalah karakteristik dasar seseorang yang berkaitan dengan kinerja berkriteria efektif dan atau unggul dalam suatu pekerjaan dan situasi tertentu. Selanjutnya Spencer & Spencer menjelaskan, kompetensi dikatakan <i>underlying characteristic </i>karena karakteristik merupakan bagian yang mendalam dan melekat pada kepribadian seseorang dan dapat memprediksi berbagai situasi dan jenis pekerjaan. Dikatakan <i>causally related</i>, karena kompetensi menyebabkan atau memprediksi perilaku dan kinerja. Dikatakan <i>criterion-referenced</i>, karena kompetensi itu benar-benar memprediksi siapa-siapa saja yang kinerjanya baik atau buruk, berdasarkan kriteria atau standar tertentu.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Depdiknas (2004) merumuskan definisi kompetensi sebagai pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan nilai-nilai dasar yang direfleksikan dalam kebiasaan berfikir dan bertindak.Menurut Syah<span style=""> </span>“kompetensi” adalah kemampuan, kecakapan, keadaan berwenang, atau memenuhi syarat menurut ketentuan hukum. Selanjutnya dikemukakan bahwa kompetensi guru adalah kemampuan seorang guru dalam melaksanakan kewajiban-kewajibannya secara bertanggung jawab dan layak<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Jadi kompetensi profesional guru dapat diartikan sebagai kemampuan dan kewenangan guru dalam menjalankan profesi keguruannya. Guru yang kompeten dan profesional adalah guru piawi dalam melaksanakan profesinya.Berdasarkan uraian di atas kompetensi guru dapat didefinisikan sebagai penguasaan terhadap pengetahuan, keterampilan, nilai dan sikap yang direfleksikan dalam kebiasaan berpikir dan bertindak dalam menjalankan profesi sebagai guru.</p> <h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="">C.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Dimensi-dimensi Kompetensi Guru<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Undang-undang No.14 tahun 2005 tentang Guru Dan Dosen pasal 10 ayat (1) kompetensi guru meliputi kompetensi pedagogik, kompetensi kepribadian, kompetensi sosial, dan kompetensi profesional yang diperoleh melalui pendidikan profesi<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</p> <h3 style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Kompetensi Pedagogik</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Dalam Undang-undang No. 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen dikemukakan kompetensi pedagogik adalah “kemampuan mengelola pembelajaran peserta didik”. Depdiknas (2004) menyebut kompetensi ini dengan “kompetensi pengelolaan pembelajaran. Kompetensi ini dapat dilihat dari kemampuan merencanakan program belajar mengajar, kemampuan melaksanakan interaksi atau mengelola proses belajar mengajar, dan kemampuan melakukan penilaian.<i>Kompetensi Menyusun Rencana Pembelajaran.</i>Menurut Joni (1984), kemampuan merencanakan program belajar mengajar mencakup kemampuan<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->merencanakan pengorganisasian bahan-bahan pengajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->merencanakan pengelolaan kegiatan belajar mengajar,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->merencanakan pengelolaan kelas,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->merencanakan penggunaan media dan sumber pengajaran; dan</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->merencanakan penilaian prestasi siswa untuk kepentingan pengajaran.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Depdiknas (2004) mengemukakan kompetensi penyusunan rencana pembelajaran meliputi :</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu mendeskripsikan tujuan,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu memilih materi,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu mengorganisir materi,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu menentukan metode/strategi pembelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu menentukan sumber belajar/media/alat peraga pembelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu menyusun perangkat penilaian,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(7)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu menentukan teknik penilaian,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(8)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu mengalokasikan waktu.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan uraian di atas, merencanakan program belajar mengajar merupakan proyeksi guru mengenai kegiatan yang harus dilakukan siswa selama pembelajaran berlangsung, yang mencakup: merumuskan tujuan, menguraikan deskripsi satuan bahasan, merancang kegiatan belajar mengajar, memilih berbagai media dan sumber belajar, dan merencanakan penilaian penguasaan tujuan.</p> <p class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="">a.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Kompetensi Melaksanakan Proses Belajar Mengajar<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Melaksanakan proses belajar mengajar merupakan tahap pelaksanaan program yang telah disusun. Dalam kegiatan ini kemampuan yang di tuntut adalah keaktifan guru menciptakan dan menumbuhkan kegiatan siswa belajar sesuai dengan rencana yang telah disusun. Guru harus dapat mengambil keputusan atas dasar penilaian yang tepat, apakah kegiatan belajar mengajar dicukupkan, apakah metodenya diubah, apakah kegiatan yang lalu perlu diulang, manakala siswa belum dapat mencapai tujuan-tujuan pembelajaran. Pada tahap ini disamping pengetahuan teori belajar mengajar, pengetahuan tentang siswa, diperlukan pula kemahiran dan keterampilan teknik belajar, misalnya: prinsip-prinsip mengajar, penggunaan alat bantu pengajaran, penggunaan metode mengajar, dan keterampilan menilai hasil belajar siswa.Yutmini (1992) mengemukakan, persyaratan kemampuan yang harus di miliki guru dalam melaksanakan proses belajar mengajar meliputi kemampuan<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menggunakan metode belajar, media pelajaran, dan bahan latihan yang sesuai dengan tujuan pelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mendemonstrasikan penguasaan mata pelajaran dan perlengkapan pengajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->berkomunikasi dengan siswa,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mendemonstrasikan berbagai metode mengajar,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->melaksanakan evaluasi proses belajar mengajar.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Hal serupa dikemukakan oleh Harahap (1982:32) yang menyatakan, kemampuan yang harus dimiliki guru dalam melaksanakan program mengajar adalah mencakup kemampuan<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memotivasi siswa belajar sejak saat membuka sampai menutup pelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengarahkan tujuan pengajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menyajikan bahan pelajaran dengan metode yang relevan dengan tujuan pengajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->melakukan pemantapan belajar,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menggunakan alat-alat bantu pengajaran dengan baik dan benar,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->melaksanakan layanan bimbingan penyuluhan,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(7)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memperbaiki program belajar mengajar,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(8)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->melaksanakan hasil penilaian belajar.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pelaksanaan proses belajar mengajar menyangkut pengelolaan pembelajaran, dalam menyampaikan materi pelajaran harus dilakukan secara terencana dan sistematis, sehingga tujuan pengajaran dapat dikuasai oleh siswa secara efektif dan efisien. Kemampuan-kemampuan yang harus dimiliki guru dalam melaksanakan kegiatan belajar mengajar terlihat dalam mengidentifikasi karakteristik dan kemampuan awal siswa, kemudian mendiagnosis, menilai dan merespon setiap perubahan perilaku siswa.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Depdiknas (2004) mengemukakan kompetensi melaksanakan proses belajar mengajar meliputi:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->membuka pelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menyajikan materi,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menggunakan media dan metode,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menggunakan alat peraga,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menggunakan bahasa yang komunikatif,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memotivasi siswa,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengorganisasi kegiatan,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">8.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->berinteraksi dengan siswa secara komunikatif,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">9.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menyimpulkan pelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">10.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memberikan umpan balik,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">11.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->melaksanakan penilaian,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">12.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menggunakan waktu.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Dengan demikian, dapat dikatakan bahwa melaksanakan proses belajar mengajar merupakan sesuatu kegiatan dimana berlangsung hubungan antara manusia, dengan tujuan membantu perkembangan dan menolong keterlibatan siswa dalam pembelajaran. Pada dasarnya melaksanakan proses belajar mengajar adalah menciptakan lingkungan dan suasana yang dapat menimbulkan perubahan struktur kognitif para siswa.</p> <p class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="">b.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Kompetensi Melaksanakan Penilaian Proses Belajar Mengajar<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Penilaian proses belajar mengajar dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui keberhasilan perencanaan kegiatan belajar mengajar yang telah disusun dan dilaksanakan. Penilaian diartikan sebagai proses yang menentukan betapa baik organisasi program atau kegiatan yang dilaksanakan untuk mencapai maksud-maksud yang telah ditetapkan.Commite dalam Wirawan (2002) menjelaskan, evaluasi merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari setiap upaya manusia, evaluasi yang baik akan menyebarkan pemahaman dan perbaikan pendidikan, sedangkan evaluasi yang salah akan merugikan pendidikan<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.Tujuan utama melaksanakan evaluasi dalam proses belajar mengajar adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi yang akurat mengenai tingkat pencapaian tujuan instruksional oleh siswa, sehingga tindak lanjut hasil belajar akan dapat diupayakan dan dilaksanakan. Dengan demikian, melaksanakan penilaian proses belajar mengajar merupakan bagian tugas guru yang harus dilaksanakan setelah kegiatan pembelajaran berlangsung dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat keberhasilan siswa mencapai tujuan pembelajaran, sehingga dapat diupayakan tindak lanjut hasil belajar siswa.Depdiknas (2004) mengemukakan kompetensi penilaian belajar peserta didik, meliputi</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu memilih soal berdasarkan tingkat kesukaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu memilih soal berdasarkan tingkat pembeda,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu memperbaiki soal yang tidak valid,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu memeriksa jawab,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu mengklasifikasi hasil-hasil penilaian,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu mengolah dan menganalisis hasil penilaian,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu membuat interpretasi kecenderungan hasil penilaian,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">8.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu menentukan korelasi soal berdasarkan hasil penilaian,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">9.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu mengidentifikasi tingkat variasi hasil penilaian, </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">10.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu menyimpulkan dari hasil penilaian secara jelas dan logis,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">11.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu menyusun program tindak lanjut hasil penilaian,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">12.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengklasifikasi kemampuan siswa,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">13.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu mengidentifikasi kebutuhan tindak lanjut hasil penilaian,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">14.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu melaksanakan tindak lanjut,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">15.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu mengevaluasi hasil tindak lanjut, </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">16.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu menganalisis hasil evaluasi program tindak lanjut hasil penilaian.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan uraian di atas kompetensi pedagogik tercermin dari indicator:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->kemampuan merencanakan program belajar mengajar,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->kemampuan melaksanakan interaksi atau mengelola proses belajar mengajar,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->kemampuan melakukan penilaian.</p> <h3 style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="">2.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Kompetensi Pribadi </span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Guru sebagai tenaga pendidik yang tugas utamanya mengajar, memiliki karakteristik kepribadian yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan pengembangan sumber daya manusia. Kepribadian yang mantap dari sosok seorang guru akan memberikan teladan yang baik terhadap anak didik maupun masyarakatnya, sehingga guru akan tampil sebagai sosok yang patut “digugu” (ditaati nasehat/ucapan/perintahnya) dan “ditiru” (di contoh sikap dan perilakunya).Kepribadian guru merupakan faktor terpenting bagi keberhasilan belajar anak didik. Dalam kaitan ini, </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Zakiah Darajat menegaskan bahwa kepribadian itulah yang akan menentukan apakah ia menjadi pendidik dan pembina yang baik bagi anak didiknya, ataukah akan menjadi perusak atau penghancur bagi masa depan anak didiknya terutama bagi anak didik yang masih kecil (tingkat dasar) dan mereka yang sedang mengalami kegoncangan jiwa (tingkat menengah)<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Karakteristik kepribadian yang berkaitan dengan keberhasilan guru dalam menggeluti profesinya adalah meliputi fleksibilitas kognitif dan keterbukaan psikologis. Fleksibilitas kognitif atau keluwesan ranah cipta merupakan kemampuan berpikir yang diikuti dengan tindakan secara simultan dan memadai dalam situasi tertentu. Guru yang fleksibel pada umumnya ditandai dengan adanya keterbukaan berpikir dan beradaptasi. Selain itu, ia memiliki resistensi atau daya tahan terhadap ketertutupan ranah cipta yang prematur dalam pengamatan dan pengenalan.Dalam Undang-undang Guru dan Dosen dikemukakan kompetensi kepribadian adalah “kemampuan kepribadian yang mantap, berakhlak mulia, arif, dan berwibawa serta menjadi teladan peserta didik”. </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Surya (2003) menyebut kompetensi kepribadian ini sebagai kompetensi personal, yaitu kemampuan pribadi seorang guru yang diperlukan agar dapat menjadi guru yang baik. Kompetensi personal ini mencakup kemampuan pribadi yang berkenaan dengan pemahaman diri, penerimaan diri, pengarahan diri, dan perwujudan diri<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. <i>Asian Institut for Teacher Education</i> mengemukakan kompetensi pribadi meliputi:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->pengetahuan tentang adat istiadat baik sosial maupun agama,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->pengetahuan tentang budaya dan tradisi,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->pengetahuan tentang inti demokrasi,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->pengetahuan tentang estetika,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memiliki apresiasi dan kesadaran sosial,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memiliki sikap yang benar terhadap pengetahuan dan pekerjaan,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(7)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->setia terhadap harkat dan martabat manusia.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan kompetensi guru secara lebih khusus lagi adalah bersikap empati, terbuka, berwibawa, bertanggung jawab dan mampu menilai diri pribadi. Johnson sebagaimana dikutip Anwar mengemukakan kemampuan personal guru, mencakup<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->penampilan sikap yang positif terhadap keseluruhan tugasnya sebagai guru, dan terhadap keseluruhan situasi pendidikan beserta unsur-unsurnya,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->pemahaman, penghayatan dan penampilan nilai-nilai yang seyogyanya dianut oleh seorang guru,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->kepribadian, nilai, sikap hidup ditampilkan dalam upaya untuk menjadikan dirinya sebagai panutan dan teladan bagi para siswanya.</p> <h3 style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="">3.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Kompetensi Profesional </span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Undang-undang No. 14 tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen, kompetensi profesional adalah “kemampuan penguasaan materi pelajaran secara luas dan mendalam”. Kompetensi profesional meliputi kepakaran atau keahlian dalam bidangnya yaitu penguasaan bahan yang harus diajarkannya beserta metodenya, rasa tanggung jawab akan tugasnya dan rasa kebersamaan dengan sejawat guru lainnya. <i>Asian Institut for Teacher Education</i> mengemukakan kompetensi profesional guru mencakup kemampuan dalam hal:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengerti dan dapat menerapkan landasan pendidikan baik filosofis, psikologis, dan sebagainya,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengerti dan menerapkan teori belajar sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan perilaku peserta didik,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu menangani mata pelajaran atau bidang studi yang ditugaskan kepadanya,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengerti dan dapat menerapkan metode mengajar yang sesuai,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu menggunakan berbagai alat pelajaran dan media serta fasilitas belajar lain,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu mengorganisasikan dan melaksanakan program pengajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(7)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu melaksanakan evaluasi belajar,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(8)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mampu menumbuhkan motivasi peserta didik.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Johnson sebagaimana dikutip Anwar mengemukakan kemampuan profesional mencakup<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->penguasaan pelajaran yang terkini atas penguasaan bahan yang harus diajarkan, dan konsep-konsep dasar keilmuan bahan yang diajarkan tersebut,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->penguasaan dan penghayatan atas landasan dan wawasan kependidikan dan keguruan,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->penguasaan proses-proses kependidikan, keguruan dan pembelajaran siswa.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Arikunto mengemukakan kompetensi profesional mengharuskan guru memiliki pengetahuan yang luas dan dalam tentang <i>subject matter</i> (bidang studi) yang akan diajarkan serta penguasaan metodologi yaitu menguasai konsep teoretik, maupun memilih metode yang tepat dan mampu menggunakannya dalam proses belajar mengajar.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Depdiknas (2004) mengemukakan kompetensi profesional meliputi: pengembangan profesi, pemahaman wawasan, dan penguasaan bahan kajian akademik. Pengembangan profesi meliputi:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengikuti informasi perkembangan iptek yang mendukung profesi melalui berbagai kegiatan ilmiah,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengalihbahasakan buku pelajaran/karya ilmiah,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengembangkan berbagai model pembelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menulis makalah,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menulis/menyusun diktat pelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menulis buku pelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(7)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menulis modul,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(8)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menulis karya ilmiah,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(9)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->melakukan penelitian ilmiah (<i>action research</i>),</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(10)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menemukan teknologi tepat guna,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(11)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->membuat alat peraga/media,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(12)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menciptakan karya seni,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(13)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengikuti pelatihan terakreditasi,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(14)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengikuti pendidikan kualifikasi,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.75pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(15)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengikuti kegiatan pengembangan kurikulum.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Pemahaman wawasan meliputi:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memahami visi dan misi,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memahami hubungan pendidikan dengan pengajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memahami konsep pendidikan dasar dan menengah,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memahami fungsi sekolah,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mengidentifikasi permasalahan umum pendidikan dalam hal proses dan hasil belajar,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(6)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->membangun sistem yang menunjukkan keterkaitan pendidikan dan luar sekolah.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Penguasaan bahan kajian akademik meliputi:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->memahami struktur pengetahuan,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menguasai substansi materi,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->menguasai substansi kekuasaan sesuai dengan jenis pelayanan yang dibutuhkan siswa.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan uraian di atas, kompetensi profesional guru tercermin dari indicator:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->kemampuan penguasaan materi pelajaran,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->kemampuan penelitian dan penyusunan karya ilmiah,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->kemampuan pengembangan profesi, dan</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->pemahaman terhadap wawasan dan landasan pendidikan</p> <h3 style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><span style="">4.<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" >Kompetensi Sosial </span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12;" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Guru yang efektif adalah guru yang mampu membawa siswanya dengan berhasil mencapai tujuan pengajaran. Mengajar di depan kelas merupakan perwujudan interaksi dalam proses komunikasi. Menurut Undang-undang Guru dan Dosen kompetensi sosial adalah “kemampuan guru untuk berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi secara efektif dan efisien dengan peserta didik, sesama guru, orangtua/wali peserta didik, dan masyarakat sekitar”. Surya (2003) mengemukakan kompetensi sosial adalah kemampuan yang diperlukan oleh seseorang agar berhasil dalam berhubungan dengan orang lain.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Dalam kompetensi sosial ini termasuk keterampilan dalam interaksi sosial dan melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial. <i>Asian Institut for Teacher Education</i> menjelaskan kompetensi sosial guru adalah salah satu daya atau kemampuan guru untuk mempersiapkan peserta didik menjadi anggota masyarakat yang baik serta kemampuan untuk mendidik, membimbing masyarakat dalam menghadapi kehidupan di masa yang akan datang. Untuk dapat melaksanakan peran sosial kemasyarakatan, guru harus memiliki kompetensi:</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->aspek normatif kependidikan, yaitu untuk menjadi guru yang baik tidak cukup digantungkan kepada bakat, kecerdasan, dan kecakapan saja, tetapi juga harus beritikad baik sehingga hal ini bertautan dengan norma yang dijadikan landasan dalam melaksanakan tugasnya,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->pertimbangan sebelum memilih jabatan guru,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->mempunyai program yang menjurus untuk meningkatkan kemajuan masyarakat dan kemajuan pendidikan. </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Arikunto (1993) mengemukakan kompetensi sosial mengharuskan guru memiliki kemampuan komunikasi sosial baik dengan peserta didik, sesama guru, kepala sekolah, pegawai tata usaha, bahkan dengan anggota masyarakat.Berdasarkan uraian di atas, kompetensi sosial guru tercermin melalui indicator:<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(1)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->interaksi guru dengan siswa,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(2)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->interaksi guru dengan kepala sekolah,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(3)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->interaksi guru dengan rekan kerja,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(4)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->interaksi guru dengan orang tua siswa,</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">(5)<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span><!--[endif]-->interaksi guru dengan masyarakat. </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">BAB III</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center">PENUTUP</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Simpulan</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;">Profesionalisme guru dibangun melalui penguasaan kompetensi-kompetensi yang secara nyata diperlukan dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan. Kompetensi-kompetensi penting jabatan guru tersebut adalah: kompetensi bidang substansi atau bidang studi, kompetensi bidang pembelajaran, kompetensi bidang pendidikan nilai dan bimbingan serta kompetensi bidang hubungan dan pelayanan/pengabdian masyarakat.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;">Akibat adanya sinergi dari perkembangan teknologi komunikasi dan informasi serta perubahan masyarakat yang lebih demokratis dan terbuka akan menghasilkan suatu tekanan atau pressure serta tuntutan atau demand terhadap profesionalisme guru dalam mendayagunakan teknologi komunikasi dan informasi tersebut. termasuk dalam hal pertanggungjawaban atau akuntabilitasnya. Sebagaimana profesi-profesi lain guru adalah profesi yang kompetitif. Oleh karena itu guru harus siap untuk diuji kompetensinya secara berkala untuk menjamin agar kinerjanya tetap memenuhi syarat profesional yang terus berkembang. Di masa depan dapat dipastikan bahwa profil kelayakan guru akan ditekankan kepada aspek-aspek kemampuan membelajarkan siswa, dimulai dari menganalisis, merencanakan atau merancang, mengembangkan, mengimplementasikan, dan menilai pembelajaran yang berbasis pada penerapan teknologi pendidikan.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Profesionalisme mencakup beberapa aspek kompetensi, yaitu kompetensi pedagogic, kompetensi pribadi, kompetensi profesi dan kompetensi social. Guru diharapkan dapat memiliki kompetensi-kompetensi ini karena </span>tugasnya sebagai pendidik bukan hanya mentransfer pengetahuan, keterampilan dan sikap, tetapi mempersiapkan generasi yang lebih baik di masa depan. Oleh karena itu guru harus memiliki kompetensi dalam membimbing siswa siap menghadapi the real life dan bahkan mampu memberikan teladan yang baik.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;" align="center">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Arikunto, Suharsimi (1993). Manajemen Pengajaran Secara Manusia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Anwar, Moch. Idochi. (2004). Administrasi Pendidikan dan Manajemen Biaya Pendidikan. Bandung: Alfabeta</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Syah, Muhibbin. (2000). Psikologi Pendidikan dengan Pendekatan Baru. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Surya, Muhammad. (2003). Psikologi Pembelajaran dan Pengajaran. Bandung: Yayasan Bhakti Winaya.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Wirawan. (2002). Profesi dan Standar Evaluasi. Jakarta: Yayasan Bangun Indonesia & UHAMKA Press.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Harahap, Baharuddin. (1983). Supervisi Pendidikan yang Dilaksanakan oleh Guru, Kepala Sekolah, Penilik dan Pengawas Sekolah. Jakarta: Damai Jaya.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Yutmini, Sri. (1992). Strategi Belajar Mengajar. Surakarta: FKIP UNS.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->UU RI No. 14 Tahun. 2005. Tentang Guru dan Dosen. Bandung: Citra Umbara.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Undang-undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Joni, T. Raka. (1984). Pedoman Umum Alat Penilaian Kemampuan Guru. Jakarta: Dirjen Pendidikan Tinggi Depdikbud.</p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.35pt; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr size="1" width="33%" align="left"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10;">Syah, Muhibbin. (2000). Psikologi Pendidikan dengan Pendekatan Baru. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Hal. 230<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10;">UU RI No. 14 Tahun. 2005. Tentang Guru dan Dosen. Bandung: Citra Umbara.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10;">Joni, T. Raka. (1984). Pedoman Umum Alat Penilaian Kemampuan Guru. Jakarta: Dirjen Pendidikan Tinggi Depdikbud. Hal 12</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Yutmini, Sri. (1992). Strategi Belajar Mengajar. Surakarta: FKIP UNS. Hal 13</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10;">Harahap, Baharuddin. (1983). Supervisi Pendidikan yang Dilaksanakan oleh Guru, Kepala Sekolah, Penilik dan Pengawas Sekolah. Jakarta: Damai Jaya. Hal 32</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10;">Wirawan. (2002). Profesi dan Standar Evaluasi. Jakarta: Yayasan Bangun Indonesia & UHAMKA Press. Hal 22</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10;">Syah, Muhibbin. (2000). Psikologi Pendidikan dengan Pendekatan Baru. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Hal 225<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10;">Surya, Muhammad. (2003). Psikologi Pembelajaran dan Pengajaran. Bandung: Yayasan Bhakti Winaya. Hal 138<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10;">Anwar, Moch. Idochi. (2004). Administrasi Pendidikan dan Manajemen Biaya Pendidikan. Bandung: Alfabeta. Hal 63</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Ibid. hal 63</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10;">Arikunto, Suharsimi (1993). Manajemen Pengajaran Secara Manusia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Hal 239</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10;" >[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Surya, Muhammad. (2003). Psikologi Pembelajaran dan Pengajaran. Bandung: Yayasan Bhakti Winaya. Hal 138</p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.do#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" >[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10;">Arikunto, Suharsimi (1993). Manajemen Pengajaran Secara Manusia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Hal 239</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> </div> Arul_Teamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17776179354927203948noreply@blogger.com0